versioning/research_notes/Backup include exclude rules/never-include.md

# Never Include in Linux Workstation/Home-Server Backups

## What are the canonical exclude directories and file patterns across backup tools (give concrete lists)?

### Takeaway
Canonical Linux file-backup excludes converge on: virtual/kernel filesystems (`/proc`, `/sys`, `/dev`, `/run`), ephemeral (`/tmp`, `/var/tmp`, `/var/run`, `/var/lock`), mounts/media (`/mnt`, `/media`, `/lost+found`, `/swapfile`), package/cache/logs (`/var/cache/*`, `/var/log/*`, pacman cache), per-user caches/trash/thumbnails, and repro data (build/dependency dirs, VM/container storage) - implemented as explicit exclude-files in restic/borg plus `--exclude-caches`/`--one-file-system` and Kopia policies/`.kopiaignore`.

### Cited Findings
- restic has no built-in default excludes; user supplies `--exclude`, `--iexclude`, `--exclude-file`, `--exclude-if-present foo`, `--exclude-caches` (CACHEDIR.TAG dirs), `--exclude-larger-than`, `--exclude-cloud-files`, plus `-x/--one-file-system` to stay on one filesystem - [Source](https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/v0.16.3/040_backup.html); also documented that excludes do not apply to explicitly-passed backup-source paths - [Source](https://github.com/restic/restic/blob/master/doc/040_backup.rst)
- restic pattern syntax is Go `filepath.Match` + `**` for crossing `/`, matched on complete path components (`foo` matches `/dir1/foo/...` but not `/dir/foobar`), trailing `/` ignored, leading `/` anchors at root - [Source](https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/v0.16.3/040_backup.html)
- borg `create` supports `-e/--exclude PATTERN`, `--exclude-from FILE`, `--exclude-caches` (CACHEDIR.TAG), `--exclude-if-present NAME`, `--keep-tag-files`, `-x/--one-file-system`, and respects `nodump` flag; recommended test is `borg create --list --dry-run` - [Source](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/1.0.5/usage.html); pattern styles are `fnmatch` (default for `--exclude`), `sh:`, `re:`, path prefix/full-match, with trailing-`/` meaning “keep dir, skip contents” - [Source](https://manpages.debian.org/testing/borgbackup/borg-patterns.1.en.html)
- borg quickstart automation example excludes `--exclude-caches --exclude 'home/*/.cache/*' --exclude 'var/tmp/*'` when backing up `/etc`-style roots - [Source](https://github.com/borgbackup/borg/blob/master/docs/quickstart.rst)
- Kopia has no static exclude-file; it uses policy `Ignore rules` + `Read ignore rules from files` (default `.kopiaignore`) + `Ignore cache directories: true` (default true, inherits global→host→user→path) + `Scan one filesystem only: true` - [Source](https://github.com/kopia/kopia/issues/3334); `kopia policy set` flags include `--add-ignore`, `--add-dot-ignore`, `--ignore-cache-dirs [true|false|inherit]`, `--ignore-dir-errors`, `--one-file-system`-equivalent `Scan one filesystem only` - [Source](https://kopia.io/docs/reference/command-line/common/policy-set/)
- Kopia’s CACHEDIR.TAG-equivalent (`--ignore-cache-dirs`, default true) was added to mirror restic `--exclude-caches`, defaulting to ignore caches via policy - [Source](https://github.com/kopia/kopia/issues/564)
- ArchWiki restic full-system `/etc/restic/excludes.txt` canonical list: `/data/**`, `/dev/**`, `/home/*/**/*.pyc`, `/home/*/**/__pycache__/**`, `/home/*/**/node_modules/**`, `/home/*/.cache/**`, `/home/*/.local/lib/python*/site-packages/**`, `/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/Cache/**`, `/lost+found/**`, `/media/**`, `/mnt/**`, `/proc/**`, `/root/**`, `/run/**`, `/swapfile`, `/sys/**`, `/tmp/**`, `/var/cache/**`, `/var/cache/pacman/pkg/**`, `/var/lib/docker/**`, `/var/lib/libvirt/**`, `/var/lock/**`, `/var/log/**`, `/var/run/**`, noting `--one-file-system` can replace `/proc`/`/run`/`/mnt` entries while preserving mountpoints - [Source](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Restic)
- Debian restic-forum practitioner system list: `/media`, `/mnt`, `/cdrom`, `/proc`, `/sys`, `/dev`, `/run`, `/tmp`, `/var/run`, `/var/lock`, `/var/tmp`, `/lost+found`, `/swapfile`, `/var/cache/restic`, Steam `.../Steam/steamapps`, plus home temp items `.gvfs`, `.local/share/gvfs-metadata`, `.local/share/Trash`, `.cache`, `.dbus`, `.xsession-errors`, `.Xauthority`, `.gksu.lock`, `.local/share/flatpak/appstream` - [Source](https://forum.restic.net/t/what-gnu-linux-directories-to-exclude-from-backups/6653)
- Extended community restic list adds: `nobackup/NoBackup`, `Downloads/*`, `VirtualBox VMs/`, `Dropbox/*`, `rclone/`, `snap/`, `.var/**/cache/`, `.local/share/docker/`, `.local/share/JetBrains/`, `.vscode/extensions/`, `.config/Code/`, `.m2/repository`, `target/*`, `build/*`, `node_modules/*`, `jspm_packages/*`, `web_modules/*`, `.npm`, `.coursier/cache`, `.sbt`, `.stack`, `.sdkman`, `.jdks`, `.eclipse`, `.venv-py3`, `.wine`, `.android`, `Android/Sdk`, `.gradle`, `.adobe`, `.macromedia`, `.thumbnails`, `.thunderbird/*/Cache`, `.mozilla/firefox/*/Cache|storage|minidumps|*.sqlite*`, `.config/**/Cache|GPUCache|ShaderCache`, `.config/chromium/Default/...History|Favicons|Storage|Cache`, `.local/share/baloo|zeitgeist|akonadi`, `.gnupg/rnd|random_seed|*.lock`, `.pulse*`, `.java/deployment/cache`, `.dropbox*` - [Source](https://forum.restic.net/t/what-gnu-linux-directories-to-exclude-from-backups/6653)
- ArchWiki tar full-system guidance: exclude `/opt/backup/arch-full*` (own backups), `/tmp/*`, `/var/cache/pacman/pkg/`, boot from LiveCD with plain `chroot` (not `arch-chroot`) to avoid capturing tempfs/memory - [Source](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Full_system_backup_with_tar_(Italiano))
- Guide summary: when backing up `/`, explicitly exclude `/proc`, `/sys`, `/dev`, `/run`, `/tmp` and bind/overlay mounts; when backing up only `/home`+`/etc` both borg/restic skip virtual FS by default - [Source](https://linuxjunkies.org/guides/back-up-with-borg-or-restic)
- Kopia `.kopiaignore` syntax: one rule/line, `#` comment, `*` (any chars), `**` (any dirs), `?`, `[0-9]/[a-z]/[A-Z]/[abc]`, leading `/` roots rule, `!` negates; policy can point at alternate ignore-files - [Source](https://kopia.io/docs/advanced/kopiaignore/)
- Time-Machine-ecosystem analogue (Arq honoring Apple TM exclusions): `.Trash`, `Library/Caches`, `Library/Logs`, `Library/Mail/.../Envelope Index*`, `Library/Safari/WebpageIcons.db`, `Library/Saved Application State`, `Library/iTunes/iPad Software Updates` - [Source](https://www.arqbackup.com/docs/arqbackup/pages/adding_folder.html)

### Inferences
- There is no single vendor “default exclude file” for restic/borg on Linux; the de-facto standard is the ArchWiki + forum lists above plus `--exclude-caches` and `--one-file-system`.
- Kopia inverts the model (opt-out caches by default + per-dir `.kopiaignore`) vs restic/borg (opt-in excludes), so migrated exclude-lists must be translated, not copied verbatim.

### Gaps
- No authoritative 2023–2026 duplicity built-in exclusion list found for Linux workstation context; duplicity relies on `--exclude` user patterns rather than published defaults.
- Exact current Apple `StdExclusions.plist` contents not verified for Linux relevance; only Arq’s documented subset was citable.

## Which exclusions exist for correctness (locked files, sockets) vs size vs reproducibility?

### Takeaway
Correctness excludes (virtual FS, sockets/FIFOs/devices, live DB/VM/container backing stores, cloud-online-only stubs) prevent hangs, errors, or unrestorable data; size excludes (caches, trash, thumbnails, logs, browser profiles, package caches, media/Steam) prevent bloat; reproducibility excludes (dependency/build trees) are safe to drop because lockfiles+manifests rebuild them.

### Cited Findings
- `/proc` and `/sys` are virtual/kernel pseudo-filesystems (proc exposes live kernel/process state, `proc_sys` exposes tunable sysctls; size often reported 0, constantly changing) - backing them up captures no stable data - [Source](https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/4/html/reference_guide/ch-proc); [Source](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/proc_sys.5.html)
- restic forum guidance: use `--exclude-caches` to auto-exclude CACHEDIR.TAG-marked dirs for “non permanent system files”; full-system threads treat only a short path list as needing exclusion - [Source](https://forum.restic.net/t/linux-exclusion-of-non-permanent-system-files/6629)
- borg by default does not open/read block/char devices or FIFOs; `--read-special` is required to force reading them as regular files (and to follow symlinks to them) - [Source](https://www.systutorials.com/linux-manual-page-1-borg)
- restic 0.17.0+ fix “Exclude irregular files from backups” (sockets, FIFOs, devices skipped) confirms prior irregular-file handling was a correctness fix - [Source](https://github.com/restic/restic/releases)
- Kopia policy has explicit `--ignore-dir-errors` to tolerate unreadable/locked dirs during traversal, separate from ignore-rules; issue reports show `fuse` mounts (e.g. `seafile/fuse`) still `lstat`-probed during estimation even when ignored, motivating explicit excludes for FUSE/locked paths - [Source](https://github.com/kopia/kopia/issues/3334); [Source](https://kopia.io/docs/reference/command-line/common/policy-set/)
- Docker storage (`/var/lib/docker`: `overlay2/`, `image/`, `buildkit/`, `volumes/`, `containers/`) is large, churn-heavy, overlay-mounted and often locked/inconsistent without daemon quiesce; community Arch/restic lists therefore exclude `/var/lib/docker/**` and `/var/lib/libvirt/**`, and Proxmox `vzdump --exclude-path` examples exclude `/var/lib/docker/` alongside `/run/`, `/dev/shm`, `/dev/fuse` - [Source](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Restic); [Source](https://blog.devops.dev/docker-cleanup-and-relocate-81d2dcd32b8a); [Source](https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/backup-and-exclude-path.125966)
- Docker’s own backup guidance says file-copy of the VM disk (`Docker.raw`/`docker_data.vhdx`) or `/var/lib/docker` requires Docker fully stopped; otherwise use `docker save`/`docker pull` + volume dump/restore procedures - [Source](https://docs.docker.com/desktop/settings-and-maintenance/backup-and-restore.md)
- Veeam (VM-image backup reference) automatically excludes VM log files to cut size/time, and supports excluding swap files, deleted-block (BitLooker) data, and per-disk/template excludes for the same size/correctness reasons - [Source](https://helpcenter.veeam.com/docs/vbr/userguide/data_exclusion.html)
- Size-category examples: pacman cache `/var/cache/pacman/pkg/`, `/var/cache/*`, `/var/log/*`, `/var/tmp/*`, browser `Cache/GPUCache/ShaderCache`, `thunderbird/*/Cache`, `~/.thumbnails`, `~/.local/share/Trash`, Steam `steamapps`, `~/Downloads/*`, Dropbox/rclone replicas - all excluded for bloat, not correctness - [Source](https://forum.restic.net/t/what-gnu-linux-directories-to-exclude-from-backups/6653); [Source](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Restic)
- Reproducibility-category examples: `node_modules/*`, `jspm_packages/*`, `web_modules/*`, `target/*`, `build/*`, `~/.m2/repository`, `~/.ivy2`, `~/.gradle`, `~/.coursier/cache`, `~/.sbt`, `~/.stack`, `__pycache__`, `*.pyc`, `~/.local/lib/python*/site-packages/**`, `~/.npm`, `~/.pkg-cache/`, `~/.sdkman/`, `.venv-py3` - explicitly listed as rebuildable caches/toolchains - [Source](https://forum.restic.net/t/what-gnu-linux-directories-to-exclude-from-backups/6653); webdev backup tooling states “node_modules is never included … rebuild with yarn/npm install” while always keeping `.env`, `yarn.lock`, `package-lock.json` - [Source](https://github.com/ICJIA/backup-webdev/blob/main/README.md)

### Inferences
- Rule of thumb: if path is kernel-generated (`/proc`, `/sys`), socket/FIFO/device, actively memory-mapped/locked (browser `*-shm/-wal`, DB live files, running container layers, FUSE), or a mountpoint for another filesystem, exclusion is for correctness; if it is cache/log/trash/thumbnail/package-download, it is for size; if `npm install`/`pip install`/`cargo fetch`/`mvn` recreates it, it is for reproducibility.
- Live DB/VM/container volumes need application-consistent dump/snapshot (e.g. `docker save`, DB dump, hypervisor snapshot), not file-level copy of the running store.

### Gaps
- No citable 2024–2026 benchmark found quantifying restore-corruption rate when file-copying live SQLite/WAL or overlay2 without quiesce; guidance remains consensus-based.
- restic/borg behavior on Windows/macOS cloud-online-only stubs (`--exclude-cloud-files`) verified in flags but Linux relevance is none; no Linux equivalent stub mechanism found.

## How do tools treat dot-directories (.cache, .git, .venv) and per-project gitignore?

### Takeaway
Backup tools do not read `.gitignore` by default; they rely on explicit patterns, CACHEDIR.TAG/`--exclude-caches`, and `.kopiaignore`/policy rules - so `.cache` is usually globally excluded, `.git` is usually kept (small, valuable history) unless deliberately dropped, and `.venv`/`node_modules`/`target` must be explicitly excluded per-project or via `exclude-if-present` markers.

### Cited Findings
- `~/.cache` is safe to drop (name indicates cached data; many tools exclude cache/trash by default); Arch forum explicitly approves excluding whole `~/.cache`, implemented via borg `--exclude-caches` + CACHEDIR.TAG spec - [Source](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=231281)
- restic `--exclude-caches` only skips dirs containing `CACHEDIR.TAG` (keeps the tag file); `--exclude-if-present foo` skips contents of any dir containing marker `foo` (e.g. `.nobackup`, `CACHEDIR.TAG`, custom sentinels) - [Source](https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/v0.16.3/040_backup.html)
- borg `--exclude-caches`/`--exclude-if-present`/`--keep-tag-files` semantics are identical (skip CACHEDIR.TAG dirs; optionally retain tag files) - [Source](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/1.0.5/usage.html)
- Kopia `Ignore cache directories: true` is the default global policy (inherits unless overridden), plus per-directory `.kopiaignore` and policy ignore-rules using gitignore-like globs (`*.dat`, `/logs/*`, `tmp.db`, `**/logs/**`, `!` negation) - [Source](https://github.com/kopia/kopia/issues/3334); [Source](https://kopia.io/docs/advanced/kopiaignore/)
- Kopia ignore-rule inheritance is surprising: defining child-path `add-ignore` can shadow global ignores (open issue: “Ignore rules not being inherited when child adds its own ignores”), so global `.cache`/`cache` rules must be repeated or merged carefully - [Source](https://github.com/kopia/kopia/issues/4155)
- Developer-oriented backup/index defaults treat dot-dirs as noise to skip: Dank index defaults exclude `.git`, `.hg`, `.svn`, `.cache`, `.npm`, `.yarn`, `.venv`/`venv`, `.tox`, `.pytest_cache`, `__pycache__`, `.gradle`, `.m2`, `.cargo`, `.idea`, `.vscode`, `node_modules`, `target`, `dist/build/out` - [Source](https://danklinux.com/docs/1.4/danksearch/configuration); SmartBackup auto-skips `node_modules`, `venv`, `__pycache__`, `.git` for 10x speed/size - [Source](https://github.com/CodingWithMK/smartbackup_file-backup-automation)
- Counter-practice for `.git`: default backup guidance keeps `.git` (history is irreplaceable, usually small vs `node_modules`); Backblaze-mac customization explicitly adds separate opt-in rules to drop `node_modules/` and `.git/` because neither is excluded by default - [Source](https://gist.github.com/nickcernis/bb4bd43a44efd73b87d857e29b1d5b96)
- `tmexclude` watches the filesystem to continually re-apply Time-Machine exclusions for `node_modules`, `target`, etc., because new projects constantly recreate them - showing per-project `.gitignore` alone does not stop backup tools from capturing them - [Source](https://github.com/PhotonQuantum/tmexclude)
- Kopia FAQ states ignored paths come from policy or `.kopiaignore` files, not from `.gitignore` - [Source](https://github.com/kopia/kopia/blob/master/site/content/docs/FAQs/_index.md)

### Inferences
- Best practice: global-exclude `~/.cache`, `~/.npm`, `~/.cargo`, `~/.mozilla/.../Cache`, `Trash`, `thumbnails`; per-source exclude `node_modules/`, `.venv/venv/`, `__pycache__/`, `target/`, `build/dist/`, optionally via `exclude-if-present` markers (e.g. drop marker file `CACHEDIR.TAG` or `.nobackup` in roots) rather than hoping tools honor `.gitignore`.
- Keep `.git/` and lockfiles (`package-lock.json`, `yarn.lock`, `Cargo.lock`, `requirements*.txt`) while dropping the fetched trees; keep `.env` only deliberately (secret-sprawl risk vs rebuild need).

### Gaps
- No evidence found that restic/borg/Kopia natively ingest `.gitignore` in 2026 builds; if any wrapper does, it was not in primary docs searched.
- Best handling of `.venv` that contains non-recreatable local edits (pip `-e` installs, manual patches) is unresolved - exclusion assumes venv is truly disposable.

## What breaks when people back up dependency/build trees anyway?

### Takeaway
Backing up `node_modules`, `venv`, `target/build`, `site-packages`, and container/VM stores inflates size, scan time, and snapshot churn, defeats deduplication (thousands of tiny files, hardlinks, changing mtimes/hashes), risks unrestorable or inconsistent restores (native bindings, symlinks, absolute paths, locked DB/pages), and can leak secrets or break privacy.

### Cited Findings
- SmartBackup’s premise is that naive `Documents` backup “waits hours because of massive node_modules or venvs”; skipping them yields ~10x faster/smaller backups, with incremental manifest+hash tracking otherwise churning on every dependency touch - [Source](https://github.com/CodingWithMK/smartbackup_file-backup-automation)
- Webdev backup defaults state `node_modules` excluded from full/incremental/differential/quick backups to save space; restore requires `yarn/npm install`, while lockfiles+`.env` are retained to reconstruct - [Source](https://github.com/ICJIA/backup-webdev/blob/main/README.md)
- Rust/JS `target/` and `node_modules/` are the canonical Time-Machine-bloat examples requiring a watcher (`tmexclude`) because they reappear per `npm install`/`cargo build` and would otherwise be re-captured every snapshot - [Source](https://github.com/PhotonQuantum/tmexclude)
- Python `site-packages` (`~/.local/lib/python*/site-packages/**`), `__pycache__`, `*.pyc`, and per-project `.venv` are listed alongside `node_modules` in Arch/restic excludes as regenerable interpreter artifacts - [Source](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Restic)
- `pnpm clean/purge` exists precisely because `node_modules` contents (plus virtual-store) are disposable and safely removable via Node-aware deletion handling junctions correctly - [Source](https://pnpm.io/next/cli/clean)
- File-level backup of `/var/lib/docker` captures `overlay2` diffs, `image/`, `buildkit` cache (often 10s of GB, e.g. 20GB build cache reclaimable via `docker system prune`) that are host-specific, layer-duplicated, and unrestorable by plain copy while daemon runs; correct path is `docker save/load`, registry push/pull, and volume dumps - [Source](https://blog.devops.dev/docker-cleanup-and-relocate-81d2dcd32b8a); [Source](https://docs.docker.com/desktop/settings-and-maintenance/backup-and-restore.md)
- Locked/inconsistent captures produce backup errors or silent corruption: Kopia `seafile/fuse` example shows even explicitly ignored FUSE paths trigger `lstat` errors/failed snapshots unless fully avoided; `--ignore-dir-errors` merely masks valid errors - [Source](https://github.com/kopia/kopia/issues/3334)
- Browser/IDE heavy dirs (`.config/Code/`, `.vscode/extensions/`, `.config/coc/extensions/`, `.mozilla/.../extensions`, `sonarlint/plugins`, `.coursier/cache`, `.m2/repository`) are called out as “heavy JARs/caches” that bloat snapshots while preferences should sync via cloud/accounts instead - [Source](https://forum.restic.net/t/what-gnu-linux-directories-to-exclude-from-backups/6653)
- `~/.cache`-style trees and `node_modules` contain huge small-file counts that slow file-walk, inflate metadata/index, and reduce dedup/compression efficiency vs backing up manifests/lockfiles - rationale behind Dank/SmartBackup default-skips - [Source](https://danklinux.com/docs/1.4/danksearch/configuration); [Source](https://github.com/CodingWithMK/smartbackup_file-backup-automation)

### Inferences
- Failure modes to expect if you include them anyway: (1) backup never finishes or blows retention/bandwidth; (2) every `npm/cargo/pip` run creates a large new snapshot despite no user-data change; (3) restore on another machine/arch breaks native modules/symlinks/permissions; (4) secrets in `.npmrc`, venv activate scripts, or vendored `.env` leak into long-retained snapshots.
- Mitigation if you must include one tree (e.g. offline/air-gapped rebuild): snapshot it to a separate low-frequency archive/tag, not the daily home backup, and document the toolchain version needed to use it.

### Gaps
- No controlled measurement found of dedup-ratio collapse or file-count slowdown specifically for `node_modules` vs `target/` vs `.venv` under borg/restic/Kopia 2026 versions; claims remain qualitative (“10x”, “hours”).
- Privacy impact of vendored credentials inside dependency trees (e.g. `.pypirc`, npm tokens in `~/.npm/_cacache`) is asserted in practice guides but no incident stat was found.