tai/tui.md

# tai TUI framework

A retained, DOM-like terminal UI toolkit living entirely in `tai.py`
(standard library only, no dependencies). Components are plain Python
objects in a tree; a compositor merges them bottom-to-top by layer and
z-order every frame; one synchronous tick loop drives input, timers,
animations, and rendering.

Run the live tour with `/demo` in the REPL or `./tai.py --demo`.
`./tai.py --demo-shot` prints one composed frame as plain text (the
headless smoke path). Covered by `test_tai.py`'s `Tui*Tests` classes
plus live pty checks; user-facing summary in [README.md](README.md#tui-framework).

Design background and rejected alternatives:
[research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/retained-dom-compositor-tui.md](research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/retained-dom-compositor-tui.md).

## Quick start

```python
import tai

app = tai.TuiApp()
root = tai.TuiPanel(flow=None, style=tai.TuiStyle(bg="black"))

def answered(value):
    print("picked:", value)

root.add(tai.TuiQuestion(
    "Deploy to production?",
    ["Ship it", "Staging first", "Abort"],
    on_done=answered, title="Confirm", w=44,
))
app.mount(root)
app.run()
```

Keys: Tab / Shift+Tab move focus, arrows + Enter drive lists and
buttons, Esc closes dialogs, `q` quits demo apps, Ctrl+C always quits.

## Architecture

- **Tree.** `TuiPanel` is the base of everything: geometry, children,
  paint, event dispatch. `TuiRows` / `TuiCols` preset flow direction.
  `add()` / `remove()` / `find(id)` mutate the tree; Mount/Unmount
  events fire on bind.
- **Layout.** Two phases: `measure()` (intrinsic content size, chrome
  excluded) then `arrange()` (absolute rects plus clip rects). Docked
  children carve edges first, flow children fill the remainder, and
  positioned children (x/y given) overlay out of flow. See sizes below.
- **Compositor.** Each panel paints styled text runs for its own rect.
  Per screen row the compositor collects cuts (every run edge),
  slices runs into aligned chops, drops occluded chops, and merges
  the topmost survivor per interval. Frames diff against the previous
  frame; one single-write update wrapped in synchronized-output
  markers (`CSI ? 2026 h/l`, ignored where unsupported) keeps output
  atomic and flicker-free.
- **Hit-testing.** Panels index into an 8x4-cell spatial grid rebuilt
  on every layout; clicks resolve topmost-first inside clip rects.
- **Loop.** `select()` over stdin plus sub-terminal ptys at 30 fps.
  Dirty flags skip idle frames entirely. Timers (`after`/`every`),
  animations, widget `on_tick`, and terminal polling all run on the
  same clock. Terminal state (raw mode, alt screen, mouse, cursor,
  SIGWINCH handler, child ptys) restores in a `finally`.

## Geometry

Sizes accept `int` cells, `"50%"` (of the parent content box), `"1fr"`
(share of leftover flow space, largest-remainder exact), and `"auto"`
(measured content). Positions accept ints (negative counts back from
the far edge), percents, and `"center"`. Sizes are content-box: border
and padding add outside the given w/h (CSS `content-box`).

- `flow="rows"` stacks children top to bottom; `"cols"` left to right;
  `None` places unpositioned children at the origin (use explicit
  geometry or docking instead).
- `align` / `valign` (`left`/`center`/`right`, `top`/`middle`/`bottom`)
  place children in leftover main-axis space and center them on the
  cross axis. Rows-cross `auto` fills the width; cols-cross `auto`
  hugs content (Textual parity).
- `dock="top|bottom|left|right"` pins a child to an edge outside the
  flow; docked panels never scroll.
- `layer` names a z band (`base` 0, `panel` 10, `dialog` 20, `toast` 30);
  `z` offsets inside the band; ties break by creation order. There is
  no limit on layers, dialogs, nesting, or components.
- `offset=(dx, dy)` shifts a panel visually after layout.
- `padding` (int, `(v, h)`, or `(t, r, b, l)`), `gap` (flow spacing),
  `border` with `title`, `scroll_x` / `scroll_y` with `scrollable`.

## Events

`TuiEvent` subclasses: Key, Click, Scroll, Focus, Blur, Resize, Tick,
Mount, Unmount, Select, Press, Close. Dispatch calls `on_<name>` on
the target, then walks base classes implicitly (plain attribute
lookup), then bubbles to the parent while `bubble` is true.
`event.stop()` halts everything. Custom events: subclass `TuiEvent`,
set `name`, `panel.emit()` it. Widget callbacks (`on_press`,
`on_select`, `on_close`) are the same namespace: assigning one sets
the handler, and it receives the event object (with `panel`, and
`index`/`option`/`value` for Select). Only `on_done` (Question) is a
plain callback taking the answered value.

Focus: `focusable` panels join a chain sorted by on-screen (y, x).
Tab / Shift+Tab ALWAYS cycle with wraparound, even out of a live
terminal: no widget may swallow the only focus-movement keys
(keyboard trap). Tradeoff: shells lose Tab-completion; click or Tab
into a terminal to type, Tab out to leave. Clicks focus the topmost
focusable under the cursor. An open modal traps the chain inside its
subtree and swallows outside clicks. `set_focus`, `focus_first`,
`focus_next`, `focus_prev`, `ensure_focus` manage it; Focus/Blur
events fire on change and never bubble. Automatic focus (mount,
reset) prefers non-terminal widgets via `auto_focus` so keys keep
bubbling to app handlers by default; opening a dialog remembers the
previous focus and closing it restores that panel (validated as
still attached and shown) before falling back to `auto_focus`.
Stale focus on a removed panel is detected by tree attachment, not
just visibility.

## Mouse and keyboard

Mouse enables `?1000h` + `?1006h` (clicks plus wheel, no motion
flood). The parser accepts SGR (`ESC [ < b ; x ; y M/m`) and legacy
(`ESC [ M bxy`) reports, 1-indexed to 0-indexed, with shift/alt/ctrl
modifiers. Split reports across reads are buffered, never parsed
partial; parsed reports are consumed and never leak into text input.

Keys: printable text (UTF-8), enter, tab, backtab (Shift+Tab),
backspace, escape (lone ESC after input idles; ESC+key is alt+key),
arrows, home/end, insert/delete, pageup/pagedown, F1-F12, ctrl+letter,
and modified arrows (`shift+up` style). Tab/Shift+Tab always move
focus (see Focus above); terminals receive every other key.
Ctrl+C always quits the app loop.

Kitty keyboard: setup pushes progressive-enhancement flags 10
(all-keys-as-escape-codes plus event types) best-effort and pops on
teardown; unsupported terminals ignore both bytes. The parser decodes
`CSI unicode-key-code:alternate ; mods:event-type ; text u` next to
the legacy grammar, so kitty and legacy terminals share one stream:
bare modifier presses arrive as `shift`/`ctrl`/`alt`/`super` key
events (press only; repeats and releases are dropped, text-key
repeats still type), text stays legacy-identical (associated-text
tail wins, shift+letter uppercases, US-shift map covers the rest),
super/hyper/meta/locks are dropped. Only kitty-protocol terminals
(kitty, WezTerm, foot, ghostty) report bare Shift at all; everywhere
else no bytes exist to detect, so double-Shift chords only work
there. `TuiDoubleTap(timeout=0.4)` matches two same-key presses on
an injectable clock; set `app.on_double_tap` to a callback returning
True when it acted (falsy falls through to normal handling, so fast
double-Tab still cycles).

## Animation and timers

```python
panel.animate("x", 40, duration=0.6, easing="in_out_cubic", on_done=next_step)
app.after(2.0, popup_tip)
app.every(0.5, poll_status)
```

`animate()` tweens any numeric attribute (x, y, w, h relayout;
anything else repaints) with `duration` or `speed`, `delay`, and an
easing (`linear`, `in|out|in_out` quad/cubic). Timers take plain
callbacks; exceptions in callbacks never break the loop.

## Components

- `TuiText(text, text_align, wrap)` - wrapped static text.
- `TuiButton(label, on_press)` - Enter/Space/click; focused style;
  `on_press(event)` fires per press.
- `TuiOptions(options, multi, on_select)` - virtualized list; options
  as strings, `(label, value)` pairs, or dicts. Arrows/home/end/pgup/
  pgdn/wheel move, Enter/Space/click selects; `on_select(event)`
  fires per pick and the event also bubbles.
- `TuiDialog(*children, on_close)` - centered modal; Esc closes;
  `buttons(("OK", cb), ...)` adds a button row (callbacks take the
  Press event); `on_close(event)` fires on close.
- `TuiQuestion(prompt, options, on_done, multi)` - prompt plus
  options; single-select answers on first pick, multi-select via OK.
- `TuiTextBox(text)` - multiline editor; arrows/home/end/pgup/pgdn
  move (no line wrap), Enter splits, Backspace/Delete join,
  click positions the cursor, Escape bubbles for dialogs;
  `.value` joins lines.
- `TuiPromptDialog(label, box_h, on_execute)` - label plus a
  `box_h`-row editor with OK/Cancel; OK runs
  `on_execute(value)` then closes. The demo opens one on
  double-Shift and feeds accepted text to the shell.
- `TuiTerminal(cmd, interactive)` - real pty child streamed through
  the VT screen; click to focus and type; read-only mode for logs.
- `TuiProgress(value)` - fraction bar; `set()` clamps 0..1.
- `TuiLog` - virtualized scrollback; `append(text, style)` follows
  the tail while pinned; wheel/pgup/pgdn/home/end navigate.

## Terminal widget notes

`spawn()` forks the command onto a pty sized to the widget; resizes
propagate via SIGWINCH-winning `TIOCSWINSZ`. Input queues and drains
cooperatively with output reads (never a blocking write from a
handler). Exited children keep their last screen with the exit status;
teardown kills survivors so demos never leak processes. Without `pty`
the widget shows a plain error line instead of crashing.

## Gaps and non-goals (v1)

- Wide (CJK/emoji) characters count as one column; columns around
  them misalign. Structured to fix with a width table later.
- No stylesheet language (constructor kwargs instead), no bracketed
  paste, only the key-event subset of the kitty protocol (no
  release tracking, no super/hyper/meta, no alternate-key shortcut
  matching), no true opacity blending.
- No per-widget async tasks; blocking work belongs in threads that
  post back via timers.
- The VT parser drops provably-malformed tails past 64KB and caps
  parsed CSI params at 64; these are corruption guards, not UI
  limits. UI multiplicity itself (layers, dialogs, depth,
  components, animations) is intentionally unbounded.