Lazy TUI rendering: per-panel cell cache, front-to-back occlusion, damage rects; a typed character costs 0.08 ms instead of 4.6 ms at 200x50, an unchanged frame writes nothing
Panels cache their painted cells and repaint only after touch(); any attribute write on a mounted panel is the change signal. The compositor builds a frame front to back with per-row coverage (a fully covered panel is never painted), keeps the screen it believes is shown, and recomposes and diffs only damaged rects, with a layout pass that diffs panel geometry. Anonymous dirty_paint()/dirty_layout() still drop every cache, so unaudited callers are slow, never wrong. Also: TuiStyle.key() cached, measure() memoized per layout pass, hit map built on first mouse event, damage recorded under a lock for turn threads, rect count capped at 64. The original compositor is kept as compose_reference; TAI_TUI_VERIFY=1 checks every frame against it. New TuiLazyTests: seeded 400-step storm replayed through the VT emulator, mutation checks, thread race, laziness counters. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
Claude Sonnet 5.5
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ File changes render as a unified diff right inside the call box: line numbers, g
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## TUI framework
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The interactive UI toolkit lives in `tai.py` itself (stdlib-only, no dependencies): a retained, DOM-like panel tree with rows/cols flow, percent/`fr`/`auto` sizing, docking, named z-layers, a cuts/chops occlusion compositor, SGR mouse, bubbling events, Tab/Shift+Tab focus with modal trap, tick animations, and live pty sub-terminals behind a reimplemented VT screen. `/demo` (or `./tai.py --demo`) tours every widget; `./tai.py --demo-shot` prints one composed demo frame as plain text. `./tai.py --tui` runs the fullscreen Telegram-style chat UI (bots sidebar, transcript, input, status bar) with REPL parity; `./tai.py --theme NAME` picks a theme (`dark`, `light`, `nord`, `gruvbox`, `ansi`, or `TAI_THEME`). Full reference: [tui.md](tui.md); design background: [research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/retained-dom-compositor-tui.md](research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/retained-dom-compositor-tui.md), [chat layout](research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/messaging-layout-chat-scene.md), [theming](research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/palette-role-theming.md).
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The interactive UI toolkit lives in `tai.py` itself (stdlib-only, no dependencies): a retained, DOM-like panel tree with rows/cols flow, percent/`fr`/`auto` sizing, docking, named z-layers, a lazy compositor (per-panel cell cache, front-to-back occlusion, damage rects; an unchanged frame writes nothing), SGR mouse, bubbling events, Tab/Shift+Tab focus with modal trap, tick animations, and live pty sub-terminals behind a reimplemented VT screen. `/demo` (or `./tai.py --demo`) tours every widget; `./tai.py --demo-shot` prints one composed demo frame as plain text. `./tai.py --tui` runs the fullscreen Telegram-style chat UI (bots sidebar, transcript, input, status bar) with REPL parity; `./tai.py --theme NAME` picks a theme (`dark`, `light`, `nord`, `gruvbox`, `ansi`, or `TAI_THEME`). Full reference: [tui.md](tui.md); design background: [research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/retained-dom-compositor-tui.md](research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/retained-dom-compositor-tui.md), [chat layout](research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/messaging-layout-chat-scene.md), [theming](research/tui-framework-design/conclusions/palette-role-theming.md).
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## Configuration
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+242
@@ -4905,6 +4905,248 @@ class TuiCompositorTests(unittest.TestCase):
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self.assertIs(app.hitmap.at(19, 5), bottom)
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class TuiLazyTests(unittest.TestCase):
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"""The lazy pipeline (cached cells, front-to-back coverage, damage rects,
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persistent screen) must always show exactly what the original full
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compositor would, while doing almost no work."""
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def tearDown(self):
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tai.tui_set_theme("dark")
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@staticmethod
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def spawn(base, name):
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child = FakeChatAgent()
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child.bot = name
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child.messages = [{"role": "system", "content": "sys"}]
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return child
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def make_chat(self, cols=100, rows=30, exchanges=12):
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app = tai.TuiApp()
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app.rows, app.cols = rows, cols
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app.verify = True
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agent = FakeChatAgent()
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for n in range(exchanges):
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agent.messages += [{"role": "user", "content": "q %d" % n},
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{"role": "assistant", "content": "answer " + "word " * 40}]
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root, refs = tai.tui_build_chat(app, agent, spawn=self.spawn)
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app.mount(root)
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refs["replay"]()
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return app, refs
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@staticmethod
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def chars(grid):
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return [("".join(cell[0] if cell else " " for cell in row)).rstrip() for row in grid]
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def test_storm_matches_reference_and_the_terminal(self):
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"""Seeded random storm of keys, wheel, clicks, resizes, themes,
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dialogs and bot switches. Every frame is checked against the
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reference compositor (app.verify), and the bytes actually emitted are
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replayed through the VT emulator and compared with a fresh render."""
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import random
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rng = random.Random(20260412)
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app, refs = self.make_chat()
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vt = tai.TuiVtScreen(app.rows, app.cols)
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vt.feed(app.frame_bytes().encode("utf-8"))
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keys = ["a", "b", " ", "backspace", "enter", "left", "right", "up", "down", "tab", "backtab",
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"pageup", "pagedown", "home", "end", "f2", "f4", "escape", "/", "@"]
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dialogs = []
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for step in range(400):
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op = rng.choice(("key", "key", "key", "key", "wheel", "click", "resize", "note", "status", "dialog", "close", "bot", "timers", "idle"))
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if op == "key":
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key = rng.choice(keys)
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app.dispatch(tai.TuiKey(key=key, char=key if len(key) == 1 else ""))
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elif op == "wheel":
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app.dispatch(tai.TuiScroll(x=rng.randrange(app.cols), y=rng.randrange(app.rows), direction=rng.choice(("up", "down"))))
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elif op == "click":
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app.dispatch(tai.TuiClick(x=rng.randrange(app.cols), y=rng.randrange(app.rows), button=0, pressed=True))
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elif op == "resize":
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app.rows, app.cols = rng.randrange(10, 40), rng.randrange(30, 140)
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app.compositor.invalidate()
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app.dirty_layout()
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app.root.emit(tai.TuiResize(panel=app.root, rows=app.rows, cols=app.cols))
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vt = tai.TuiVtScreen(app.rows, app.cols)
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elif op == "note":
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refs["show"]("bot" if rng.random() < 0.5 else "you", "note %d " % step + "x" * rng.randrange(1, 120), None)
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elif op == "status":
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refs["paint_status"]()
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elif op == "dialog" and len(dialogs) < 3:
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dialog = tai.TuiQuestion("Pick %d" % step, ["one", "two", "three"], on_done=lambda value: None, title="Q", w=rng.randrange(20, 50))
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app.root.add(dialog)
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dialogs.append(dialog)
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elif op == "close" and dialogs:
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dialogs.pop().close()
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elif op == "bot":
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refs["select_bot"](rng.choice(refs["bots"]))
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elif op == "timers":
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app._fire_timers(time.time() + 5)
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vt.feed(app.frame_bytes().encode("utf-8"))
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if step % 25 == 0:
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want = app.compositor.compose_reference(app.root, app.rows, app.cols)
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self.assertEqual(self.chars(vt.grid), tai.TuiCompositor.render_text(want).split("\n"), "step %d op %s" % (step, op))
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self.assertGreater(app.verified, 300)
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def test_demo_scene_matches_reference(self):
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app = tai.TuiApp()
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app.rows, app.cols = 24, 80
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app.verify = True
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root = tai.TuiPanel(flow=None, style=tai.TuiStyle(bg="black"))
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base = tai.TuiRows(id="base", x=0, y=0, w="100%", h="100%", border=True, title="base")
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base.add(tai.TuiText("hello", id="t"), tai.TuiButton("go"), tai.TuiProgress(0.3))
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root.add(base)
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root.add(tai.TuiPanel(x=10, y=5, w=30, h=8, z=3, border=True, rounded=True, title="over", style=tai.TuiStyle(bg="blue")))
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app.mount(root)
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app.frame_bytes()
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text = base.find("t")
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for n in range(30):
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text.text = "hello %d" % n
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app.frame_bytes()
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root.children[1].x = 5 + n
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app.frame_bytes()
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root.children[1].z = n % 5
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app.frame_bytes()
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def test_typing_repaints_one_panel(self):
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app, refs = self.make_chat()
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app.verify = False
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refs["box"].focus()
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app.frame_bytes()
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painted = app.compositor.stats["painted"]
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app.dispatch(tai.TuiKey(key="x", char="x"))
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out = app.frame_bytes()
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self.assertIn("x", out)
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self.assertEqual(app.compositor.stats["painted"] - painted, 1)
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def test_idle_frame_writes_nothing_and_paints_nothing(self):
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app, refs = self.make_chat()
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app.verify = False
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app.frame_bytes()
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stats = dict(app.compositor.stats)
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refs["paint_status"]()
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self.assertEqual(app.frame_bytes(), "")
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self.assertEqual(app.compositor.stats["painted"], stats["painted"])
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self.assertEqual(app.compositor.stats["emitted"], stats["emitted"])
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def test_covered_panels_are_never_painted(self):
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app = tai.TuiApp()
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app.rows, app.cols = 10, 40
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app.verify = False
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painted = []
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class Probe(tai.TuiPanel):
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def paint(self):
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painted.append(self)
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return super().paint()
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root = Probe(flow=None)
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under = Probe(x=0, y=0, w=40, h=10)
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over = Probe(x=0, y=0, w=40, h=10, z=1)
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root.add(under, over)
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app.mount(root)
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app.frame_bytes()
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self.assertEqual(painted, [over])
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def test_theme_switch_keeps_cached_cells_correct(self):
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app, refs = self.make_chat()
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app.frame_bytes()
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app.set_theme("gruvbox")
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vt_bytes = app.frame_bytes()
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self.assertIn("48;2;40;40;40", vt_bytes)
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def test_style_key_cache_drops_on_write(self):
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style = tai.TuiStyle(fg="red")
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before = style.key()
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style.fg = "blue"
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self.assertNotEqual(style.key(), before)
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self.assertEqual(style.key()[0], "blue")
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def test_sgr_from_key_matches_sgr(self):
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for style in (tai.TuiStyle(), tai.TuiStyle(fg="role:accent", bg="#102030", bold=True),
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tai.TuiStyle(fg=(1, 2, 3), bg=200, dim=True, underline=True, reverse=True, strike=True),
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tai.TuiStyle(fg="bright_cyan", bg="black")):
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self.assertEqual(tai.TuiStyle.sgr_from_key(style.key()), style.sgr())
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def test_measure_memo_never_outlives_a_pass(self):
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app, refs = self.make_chat()
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self.assertIsNone(tai.TuiPanel._measure_memo)
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refs["box"].lines = ["a", "b", "c"]
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app.dirty_layout()
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app.frame_bytes()
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self.assertIsNone(tai.TuiPanel._measure_memo)
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def test_hit_map_builds_on_first_click_only(self):
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app, refs = self.make_chat()
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app.frame_bytes()
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self.assertIsNotNone(app.hitmap.pending)
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hit = app.hitmap.at(1, 1)
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self.assertIsNone(app.hitmap.pending)
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self.assertIsNotNone(hit)
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def test_touches_from_threads_are_never_lost(self):
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"""Turn threads touch panels while the loop composes. Verify is off
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mid-run (the reference would race the writers); after the writers
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join, one more frame must equal a from-scratch recompose."""
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import threading
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app = tai.TuiApp()
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app.rows, app.cols = 12, 40
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app.verify = False
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root = tai.TuiRows()
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labels = [tai.TuiText("-", id="l%d" % n) for n in range(8)]
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root.add(*labels)
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app.mount(root)
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app.frame_bytes()
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stop = threading.Event()
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def writer(seed):
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for n in range(400):
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labels[(seed + n) % 8].text = "w%d-%d" % (seed, n)
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threads = [threading.Thread(target=writer, args=(seed,)) for seed in range(4)]
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for thread in threads:
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thread.start()
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while any(thread.is_alive() for thread in threads):
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app.frame_bytes()
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for thread in threads:
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thread.join()
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app.verify = True
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app.frame_bytes()
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self.assertEqual(app.verified, 1)
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def test_typing_frame_budget_at_200x50(self):
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app = tai.TuiApp()
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app.rows, app.cols = 50, 200
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app.verify = False
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agent = FakeChatAgent()
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for n in range(40):
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agent.messages += [{"role": "user", "content": "q %d" % n},
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{"role": "assistant", "content": "answer " + "word " * 60}]
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root, refs = tai.tui_build_chat(app, agent)
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app.mount(root)
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refs["replay"]()
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refs["box"].focus()
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app.frame_bytes()
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started = time.perf_counter()
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for _ in range(50):
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app.dispatch(tai.TuiKey(key="a", char="a"))
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app.frame_bytes()
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per_frame = (time.perf_counter() - started) / 50
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self.assertLess(per_frame, 0.005, "typing frame %.2fms (measured 0.08ms on the dev box)" % (per_frame * 1000))
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def test_broken_widget_garbles_only_itself(self):
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app = tai.TuiApp()
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app.rows, app.cols = 6, 20
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app.verify = False
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class Broken(tai.TuiPanel):
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def paint(self):
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raise RuntimeError("boom")
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root = tai.TuiPanel(flow=None)
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root.add(tai.TuiText("under", x=0, y=0, w=20, h=6), Broken(x=0, y=0, w=5, h=2, z=1))
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app.mount(root)
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app.frame_bytes()
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self.assertIn("under", app.render_text())
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class TuiEventTests(unittest.TestCase):
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def test_bubble_order_and_stop(self):
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order = []
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@@ -47,21 +47,76 @@ buttons, Esc closes dialogs, `q` quits demo apps, Ctrl+C always quits.
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excluded) then `arrange()` (absolute rects plus clip rects). Docked
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children carve edges first, flow children fill the remainder, and
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positioned children (x/y given) overlay out of flow. See sizes below.
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- **Compositor.** Each panel paints styled text runs for its own rect.
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Per screen row the compositor collects cuts (every run edge),
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slices runs into aligned chops, drops occluded chops, and merges
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the topmost survivor per interval. Frames diff against the previous
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frame; one single-write update wrapped in synchronized-output
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markers (`CSI ? 2026 h/l`, ignored where unsupported) keeps output
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atomic and flicker-free.
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- **Hit-testing.** Panels index into an 8x4-cell spatial grid rebuilt
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on every layout; clicks resolve topmost-first inside clip rects.
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- **Compositor.** Lazy, see "Lazy rendering" below: painted cells are
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cached per panel, a frame is built front to back so every cell is
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written once, and only damaged rects are recomposed and diffed against
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the screen the compositor believes is shown. One single-write update
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wrapped in synchronized-output markers (`CSI ? 2026 h/l`, ignored where
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unsupported) keeps output atomic and flicker-free; a frame that changes
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nothing writes nothing.
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- **Hit-testing.** Panels index into an 8x4-cell spatial grid. A layout
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only hands over its stack; the grid is built by the first click or
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wheel event after it, so frames without mouse input never pay for it.
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Clicks resolve topmost-first inside clip rects.
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- **Loop.** One `asyncio` loop. stdin and sub-terminal ptys are loop readers (and writers while input is queued) that dispatch as bytes arrive; a 30 fps frame clock (`asyncio.sleep`) advances timers, animations and painting. `offload(work, done)` runs blocking work on its own daemon thread and calls `done(result, error)` back on the loop via `call_soon_threadsafe`; without a running loop (headless tests) it runs inline. An exception in a loop callback is kept, the terminal restores, then it is re-raised.
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Dirty flags skip idle frames entirely. Timers (`after`/`every`),
|
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animations, widget `on_tick`, and terminal polling all run on the
|
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same clock. Terminal state (raw mode, alt screen, mouse, cursor,
|
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SIGWINCH handler, child ptys) restores in a `finally`.
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## Lazy rendering
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Rule: nothing is computed that is not visible, and nothing is recomputed
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that did not change. Four layers, each with a hard cap:
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|
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1. **Per-panel cell cache.** `paint()` output is converted once to interned
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||||
`(char, style key)` cells and kept on the panel (`_cells`, at most the
|
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panel's own area). A panel repaints only after `touch()`. Writing any
|
||||
attribute of a mounted panel is the change signal: `TuiPanel.__setattr__`
|
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calls `touch()` (repaint this panel) or, for geometry names (`x y w h flow
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dock layer z offset align valign padding gap border visible`),
|
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`dirty_layout(paint=False)`. A scalar or an equal `TuiStyle` written back
|
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unchanged is not a change. In-place mutation (`list.append`, `set.add`)
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must call `self.touch()`; every built-in widget does. The anonymous
|
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`app.dirty_paint()` / `app.dirty_layout()` still mean "everything may have
|
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changed" and drop every cache, so an unaudited caller is slow, never wrong.
|
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`set_focus` touches the old and new focus panel (border and cursor style
|
||||
depend on focus). Cache invalidation also covers resize (`aw`/`ah` change),
|
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re-attach (`_bind_app`), and a broken widget (its `paint()` raising covers
|
||||
nothing that frame and is retried).
|
||||
2. **Front-to-back coverage.** `TuiCompositor.fill` walks the stack from the
|
||||
topmost panel down, keeping per-row covered intervals. Each panel copies
|
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only its uncovered intervals (list slice copies, no per-cell Python), and a
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panel with no uncovered cell is never painted at all: the root background
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under a full-screen layout costs nothing. No overdraw, no sort per frame
|
||||
(the stack is built once per layout).
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||||
3. **Damage rects.** `touch()` records the panel; a layout pass diffs each
|
||||
panel's `(ax, ay, aw, ah, clip)` against the previous pass and records old
|
||||
and new rects of what moved or resized; a different stack (panel added,
|
||||
removed, reordered, shown, hidden) means the whole screen. Only the merged
|
||||
rects are recomposed and compared with the persistent screen
|
||||
(`TuiCompositor.last`). More than `TUI_DAMAGE_RECTS` (64) rects means the
|
||||
whole screen. Damage is recorded under a lock because turn threads touch
|
||||
panels while the loop composes, and the dirty flags are cleared at the
|
||||
start of a pass, so a touch during a frame schedules the next frame.
|
||||
4. **Quiet output.** Bytes are built from the cell keys alone
|
||||
(`TuiStyle.sgr_from_key`, memoized, `TUI_SGR_CAP` 4096, dropped on theme
|
||||
change). A frame in which no cell differs and the cursor stayed returns
|
||||
`""` and writes nothing. `measure()` is memoized per layout pass
|
||||
(`TuiPanel.measured()`; `TuiTerminal` opts out because its measure follows
|
||||
its screen size), and `TuiStyle.key()` is cached and dropped on any field
|
||||
write.
|
||||
|
||||
Correctness guard: the original whole-tree algorithm is kept as
|
||||
`TuiCompositor.compose_reference`. `TuiApp.verify` (env `TAI_TUI_VERIFY=1`)
|
||||
recomposes from scratch after every frame and raises `TuiError` naming the
|
||||
first diverging cell and the panel on top of it. `test_tai.TuiLazyTests` runs
|
||||
a seeded 400-step storm (keys, wheel, clicks, resizes, themes, dialogs, bot
|
||||
switches, timers) with it on, replays the emitted bytes through `TuiVtScreen`
|
||||
and compares with a fresh render, and mutation-checks that dropping damage or
|
||||
geometry rects is caught. Run the whole suite with `TAI_TUI_VERIFY=1` after
|
||||
touching paint, layout, or the compositor.
|
||||
|
||||
## Geometry
|
||||
|
||||
Sizes accept `int` cells, `"50%"` (of the parent content box), `"1fr"`
|
||||
@@ -339,12 +394,32 @@ waits. Esc, Cancel, or no answer within `TUI_CHAT_PROMPT_TIMEOUT` (600
|
||||
s) means deny / no answer, never a hang. Without a `prompter` (CLI,
|
||||
Telegram) behavior is unchanged.
|
||||
|
||||
Measured (this machine, 40-exchange transcript, repaint of a dirty
|
||||
frame): 1.9 ms at 80x24, 5.0 ms at 200x50, 7.8 ms at 300x70 against a
|
||||
33 ms budget (guarded by a unit test at 200x50). Live in a pty: a
|
||||
resize reflows to a correct frame in 18-60 ms, a burst of 30 resizes
|
||||
ends on the right frame, key to screen averages 23 ms (input paints
|
||||
immediately, no longer waiting for the next tick).
|
||||
Measured on one machine only (the development box, Python 3.14, chat scene
|
||||
with a 40-exchange transcript, 19 panels, cost of `dirty -> frame_bytes()`;
|
||||
the 400-exchange transcript costs the same, history length does not matter).
|
||||
Before the lazy pipeline, every dirty frame cost the same 4.0-4.6 ms at
|
||||
200x50 (1.5 ms at 80x24) whatever had changed:
|
||||
|
||||
| frame at 200x50 | before | lazy |
|
||||
|---|---|---|
|
||||
| one typed character | 4.6 ms | 0.08-0.15 ms |
|
||||
| 1 Hz status refresh | 4.9 ms | 0.05-0.07 ms |
|
||||
| Tab moves focus | 4.3 ms | 0.5-0.7 ms |
|
||||
| transcript scroll, 2 frames | 9.5 ms | 2.5-2.8 ms |
|
||||
| anonymous `dirty_paint()` (everything) | 4.0 ms | 1.5 ms |
|
||||
| relayout | 5.4 ms | 1.5-2.0 ms |
|
||||
|
||||
Typing at 80x24 went from 1.5 ms to 0.06 ms. Simulated 5 s of the main loop
|
||||
at 200x50: idle went from 4 frames and 18 ms CPU to 0 frames and 1 ms; a
|
||||
running turn from 29 ms to 7 ms. These are CPU numbers: the app was never
|
||||
slow enough to feel, the gain is battery, SSH bandwidth and headroom. Not
|
||||
measured: other machines, slow terminals, 300x70. Guarded by
|
||||
`test_frame_stays_inside_budget_on_large_screen` (full repaint under one
|
||||
frame) and `test_typing_frame_budget_at_200x50` (5 ms ceiling, 30x slack).
|
||||
Live in a pty: a resize reflows to a correct frame in 18-60 ms, a burst of 30
|
||||
resizes ends on the right frame, key to screen averages 23 ms (input paints
|
||||
immediately, no longer waiting for the next tick; this live figure predates
|
||||
the lazy pipeline and was not re-measured).
|
||||
|
||||
## Terminal widget notes
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -370,6 +445,14 @@ the widget shows a plain error line instead of crashing.
|
||||
pills or per-chat times (no honest data source), no attach/voice
|
||||
or reply-preview (no function behind them), tool-call chips are not
|
||||
collapsible and show no results, no per-token streaming.
|
||||
- Lazy rendering gaps: a transcript scroll still rewrites every changed cell
|
||||
(no terminal scroll regions, so a 3-line scroll costs ~1.3 ms at 200x50);
|
||||
the main loop still wakes at 30 fps and walks the tree for `on_tick`,
|
||||
focus and terminal sync (0.01 ms at 19 panels, linear in panels); a damage
|
||||
rect covering a whole panel repaints that whole panel (no per-row paint
|
||||
cache); a layout pass is still a full `arrange` of the tree; a widget that
|
||||
mutates itself in place without `touch()` shows stale cells until
|
||||
something else repaints it (`TAI_TUI_VERIFY=1` finds these).
|
||||
- No per-widget async tasks; blocking work belongs in threads that
|
||||
post back via timers.
|
||||
- The VT parser drops provably-malformed tails past 64KB and caps
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user