PackFS

A statically linked, in-process virtual file system for C. PackFS treats a shipped file tree as an immutable pack image and derives writability from a mem or dir upper layer through a copy-on-write overlay. zip and tar are not part of this project and never will be — see "Status" below.

The full design rationale — why this shape, what alternatives were rejected, and the concurrency, path-containment, and integrity models this implementation follows — is specified in concept.md, which is frozen (see CLAUDE.md) and is the authoritative source for every design decision below. This README documents the implementation that followed from it, not a restatement of the rationale.

Status

This is an initial, partial implementation of the spec, not a complete one.

Implemented and tested: mount table, mem/dir/pack/overlay backends (including the standalone read-only pack backend, backend_pack_new — every mutating call against it returns VFS_ERR_PERM), copy-up, whiteouts, compaction, an append journal, path containment, and pack integrity validation.

Will never be built, by explicit project decision: the zip (miniz) and tar (USTAR) import/export backends. concept.md Section 11 recommends them, but that recommendation is superseded — see CLAUDE.md, "Project decisions that supersede concept.md." backend_overlay_new reads and writes this project's own pack format exclusively; there is no zip/tar support and none is planned. Do not open an issue or PR adding one.

Deliberately out of scope for v0 (concept.md Section 10, not gaps): full POSIX semantics, enforced permissions/symlinks/hard links, cross-process concurrency (design specified in Section 5.6, unimplemented), and content-defined chunking/delta compression.

Tested on Linux only, in one environment. The dir-mount containment fallback path for kernels without openat2 (Section 6.3) is implemented but has not been exercised on such a kernel, nor on macOS or Windows.

Building

Zero required third-party dependencies — only a C11 compiler, make, and pthread (Section 11.1 of concept.md makes this a hard constraint, not a preference).

make            # builds libpackfs.a and libpackfs.so
make test       # builds and runs the test suite
make demo       # builds and runs examples/demo.c — see "Try it" below
make bench      # builds and runs bench/bench.c — see "Benchmarks" below
make install    # installs to $PREFIX (default /usr/local)

Try it

examples/demo.c is a small, runnable, human-readable program — not another automated test — that exercises the library end to end and prints what it did at each step: a pack-backed overlay (write, read, mkdir, readdir, stat, a copy-up-then-whiteout delete, compaction via vfs_sync), and a sandboxed dir mount that demonstrates a ../../../etc/passwd escape attempt being rejected. Run make demo twice in a row: the second run's first readdir shows the first run's files, proving that compaction and reload actually persist data through the pack file, not just within one process's lifetime.

Benchmarks

bench/bench.c (make bench) measures PackFS against the host filesystem across metadata operations (create/read/stat/readdir/unlink/mkdir), large sequential I/O, random-access pack reads, mount-table scaling, and concurrent mixed workloads. BENCH.md has the full results and honest analysis of both the wins and the losses, including the story of three real O(n²) findings this project's own benchmarking turned up — not just the wins. Two are fixed: bulk sequential file creation (src/upper.c's index is a persistent treap now, not a flat array — see "Resolution") and pack_write's compaction-time duplicate-content elimination, which also had a latent correctness bug now closed alongside it (see "Resolution #2"). One is confirmed and deliberately not fixed: the mount table scales O(n²) in mount count, the same way the file index used to, but mount counts are bounded by a program's own source code rather than workload-driven, so it isn't worth the added complexity — see "Finding: mount table scaling" for the reasoning and the numbers behind that call. Read the whole file before quoting a number from it: what raw fs vs raw+fsync vs dir each actually measure is not interchangeable, and it explains why.

openat2/Landlock support (Section 6) is detected automatically at compile time via <sys/syscall.h>; on kernels or platforms without them, dir mounts fall back to the weaker, documented residual-risk posture described in concept.md Section 6.3 rather than failing to build.

Quick example

#include <packfs.h>

Vfs *v = vfs_new();

/* a plain in-memory writable tree */
Backend *mem = backend_mem_new();
vfs_mount(v, "/", mem);

int err = 0;
VfsFile *f = vfs_open(v, "/hello.txt", VFS_O_WRONLY | VFS_O_CREAT, &err);
vfs_write(f, "hello", 5);
vfs_close(f);

vfs_free(v);
backend_free(mem);

A shipped pack with a writable overlay on top:

Backend *mem = backend_mem_new();
int err = 0;
Backend *ov = backend_overlay_new("assets.pack", mem, &err); /* loads assets.pack if it exists */
vfs_mount(v, "/", ov);

/* ... reads served straight from the pack; writes copy-up into mem ... */

vfs_sync(v, "/"); /* compacts the overlay into a fresh assets.pack (Section 4.1, 5.3) */

A sandboxed host directory:

int derr = 0;
Backend *dir = backend_dir_new("/var/lib/myapp/data", &derr);
vfs_mount(v, "/data", dir);
/* every lookup under /data is contained to that directory (Section 6.2);
 * ".." and symlink escapes are rejected, not merely discouraged. */

A shipped pack mounted read-only, no writable layer at all:

int perr = 0;
Backend *ro = backend_pack_new("assets.pack", &perr);
vfs_mount(v, "/assets", ro);
/* vfs_write, vfs_mkdir, vfs_unlink, vfs_rename, vfs_sync against anything
 * under /assets all return VFS_ERR_PERM; there is no upper layer to
 * absorb a write into. */

API

The public API is include/packfs.h; every function and struct is documented there with a pointer to the concept.md section that specifies its behavior. In outline:

• vfs_new / vfs_free — a Vfs owns a mount table, nothing else.
• backend_mem_new / backend_dir_new / backend_pack_new / backend_overlay_new — construct a backend; vfs_mount/vfs_unmount attach or detach it at a path prefix. backend_pack_new mounts a pack read-only, with no writable upper layer at all — every mutating call against it returns VFS_ERR_PERM; wrap the same pack in backend_overlay_new instead when writability is wanted.
• vfs_open / vfs_read / vfs_write / vfs_close — file I/O.
• vfs_stat / vfs_readdir / vfs_mkdir / vfs_unlink / vfs_rename — metadata and namespace operations.
• vfs_sync — compacts an overlay mount into a fresh pack.
• vfs_harden_process_with_landlock — optional, opt-in, process-wide Landlock confinement to the process's current dir mounts. Deliberately not applied automatically by vfs_mount (Section 6.2 explains why: Landlock restrictions are irreversible and process-wide, which would be a surprising side effect for an embeddable library to trigger on its own).

Concurrency

Single-writer, wait-free-reader (Section 5): readers never take a lock and never observe a write in progress; structural changes (create/unlink/rename/ mkdir/mount/unmount) publish a new immutable snapshot via one atomic pointer swap; ordinary content writes to an already-existing file update a per-entry cell directly and never touch the snapshot. mem-backed buffer growth never mutates a buffer address a reader might be reading (Section 5.7): growth always allocates a new buffer and publishes it, never reallocates in place. tests/test_concurrency.c exercises this under concurrent reader and writer threads, and the suite is regularly run under ThreadSanitizer and AddressSanitizer (see .github/workflows/ci.yml).

Security

dir mounts are capability-scoped (Section 6.2): a mount holds an already-open directory file descriptor, not a path string, and every lookup beneath it is resolved with openat2(RESOLVE_BENEATH | RESOLVE_NO_SYMLINKS) on Linux 5.6+, which atomically rejects .. and symlink escapes in one kernel call. Where that syscall is unavailable, containment falls back to per-component O_NOFOLLOW resolution — weaker, and documented as such (Section 6.3), not silently assumed equivalent. Pack files are treated as untrusted input unless they came from this process's own compaction: every on-disk offset is bounds-checked and the pack's checksum is verified before any of it is trusted (Section 7). See tests/test_dir.c for a containment regression test and tests/test_pack_overlay.c for a corrupted-pack rejection test.

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md. Read concept.md and CLAUDE.md first — they are the project's actual specification and its enforced documentation standard, respectively, and every design decision in the code traces back to one of them.

License

MIT — see LICENSE.