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NIM ?= nim
SRC := src/termimg
TEST := tests/test_termimg
EXAMPLE := examples/demo
.PHONY: check test example clean all
all: check test example
check:
$(NIM) check --path:src src/termimg.nim
$(NIM) check --path:src $(TEST).nim
$(NIM) check --path:src $(EXAMPLE).nim
test: check
$(NIM) c --path:src -r $(TEST).nim 2>&1 | tail -1
example: check
$(NIM) c --path:src -r $(EXAMPLE).nim
clean:
rm -rf nimcache
rm -f $(TEST)
rm -f $(EXAMPLE)
find . -type f -name '*.nim.bak.*' -delete
find . -type f -name '*.o' -delete

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# termimg
Picture-perfect image rendering in the native terminal. The library takes raw
RGBA pixel data and reproduces it using the highest-fidelity protocol the
terminal supports, falling back through progressively coarser Unicode block
characters when graphics protocols are unavailable.
## Rendering protocols
The terminal is inspected at runtime and the best available protocol is
selected automatically.
| Protocol | Fidelity | Mechanism |
| ------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Kitty | Exact pixels | RGBA transmitted in base64 chunks via the kitty graphics protocol |
| iTerm2 | Exact | Raw file bytes via OSC 1337 inline image |
| Sixel | 256-color palette | DCS sixel bands with RLE compression and Floyd-Steinberg dithering |
| Quarter-block | Four sub-cells per character | Unicode quadrant blocks (16 characters) with 24-bit fg/bg |
| Half-block | Two vertical samples per cell | Unicode U+2580 with 24-bit foreground/background |
### Protocol detection
Priority order: **kitty > iterm2 > sixel > quarterblock > halfblock**.
Detection uses environment variables as heuristics (live escape-sequence
queries are not used to avoid terminal lock-up edge cases):
| Variable / Heuristic | Detected protocol |
| ------------------------------------- | --------------------------- |
| `KITTY_WINDOW_ID` is set | kitty |
| `TERM_PROGRAM` is `kitty`/`ghostty`/`WezTerm` | kitty |
| `WEZTERM_EXECUTABLE` is set | kitty + sixel |
| `TERM` contains `kitty` | kitty |
| `TERM_PROGRAM` is `iTerm.app`/`vscode` | iterm2 |
| `COLORTERM` contains `sixel` | sixel |
| `TERM` contains `sixel` | sixel |
| `TERM` is `foot`/`xterm-foot`/`mlterm` | sixel |
| `TERM_PROGRAM` is `tmux` | none (passthrough required) |
Half-block is always available and serves as the universal fallback.
## Terminal compatibility
| Terminal | kitty | iterm2 | sixel | quarterblock | halfblock |
| ----------------- | :---: | :----: | :---: | :----------: | :-------: |
| kitty | Y | - | - | Y | Y |
| iTerm2 | - | Y | - | Y | Y |
| WezTerm | Y | - | Y | Y | Y |
| Ghostty | Y | - | - | Y | Y |
| Foot | - | - | Y | Y | Y |
| xterm (compiled) | - | - | Y | Y | Y |
| mlterm | - | - | Y | Y | Y |
| VS Code terminal | - | Y | - | Y | Y |
| GNOME Terminal | - | - | - | Y | Y |
| Konsole | - | - | - | Y | Y |
| tmux | - | - | - | Y | Y |
| Windows Terminal | - | - | - | Y | Y |
Any truecolor-capable terminal supports the block renderers.
## Block densities
The `density` field in `RenderOptions` controls how many pixel samples map to
each terminal cell. Higher densities produce finer detail at the cost of larger
output.
| Density | Enum | Sub-cells per cell | Block characters used | Best for |
| ------- | ----------- | ------------------ | ------------------------ | ----------------------- |
| Full | `bdFull` | 1 | One color per cell | Minimal output |
| Half | `bdHalf` | 2 vertical | `U+2580` half block | General use (default) |
| Quarter | `bdQuarter` | 2x2 quadrant | All 16 Unicode quadrants | Thumbnails, fine detail |
## Presets
| Preset | Protocol | Fit | Width | Density | Dither | Best use |
| ------------------- | -------- | ------ | ------ | -------- | ------ | ------------------------- |
| `defaultOptions()` | Auto | Contain| 90% | Half | No | Full-size display |
| `thumbnailOptions()`| Auto | Contain| 40 cols| Quarter | Yes | Thumbnails, previews |
## Scaling
All renderers use **bilinear interpolation** for high-quality upscaling and
downscaling. Edge-clamped sampling ensures no black borders appear at edges.
**Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion dithering** is available for the block-character
and sixel renderers (enable with `opts.dither = true`), reducing banding in
gradients when downscaling.
## Requirements
Nim 2.0 or newer. A truecolor-capable terminal is required for block-character
output; kitty, iTerm2, or sixel support enables exact pixel rendering.
## Installation
Add to your project's `.nimble` file:
```nim
requires "termimg"
```
Then install locally or from a path:
```
nimble install # from the project root
nimble install /path/to/termimg
```
Or use directly without nimble:
```
nim c --path:src your_app.nim
```
## Quick start
```nim
import termimg
# Detect terminal capabilities once at startup
let caps = detectCapabilities()
# Default rendering — half-block, contain fit, 90% width
let output = renderImageRgba(pixelBytes, 640, 480, caps, defaultOptions())
stdout.write(output)
# Thumbnail — quarter-block, 40 cols max, dithered
let thumb = renderImageRgba(pixelBytes, 640, 480, caps, thumbnailOptions())
stdout.write(thumb)
# Raw file bytes (iTerm2 protocol requires raw image bytes)
let raw = readFile("image.png")
let output2 = renderImageRaw(raw, 800, 600, caps, defaultOptions())
stdout.write(output2)
```
## Demo program
A complete demo is at `examples/demo.nim`:
```
make example
```
It renders four synthetic patterns (checkerboard, rainbow bars, target circles,
warm glow) using every available protocol and prints terminal capability
information. Includes:
- **Gallery**: 3 patterns (checkerboard, rainbow, target) side-by-side
- **All four patterns** in a column via `thumbnailOptions()`
- **Column layout**: Same rainbow pattern at all 3 block densities stacked
- **Fit-mode grid**: Target circles rendered under each of 4 fit modes
- **Extreme aspect ratios**: Wide and tall checkerboard renders
```
make example
```
## API reference
### Types
| Type | Fields | Description |
| ---- | ------ | ----------- |
| `Protocol` | enum: `ptKitty`, `ptSixel`, `ptIterm2`, `ptQuarterBlock`, `ptHalfBlock`, `ptAuto` | Image protocol |
| `FitMode` | enum: `fmContain`, `fmStretch`, `fmWidth`, `fmOriginal`, `fmCellExact` | Scaling strategy |
| `BlockDensity` | enum: `bdFull`, `bdHalf`, `bdQuarter` | Pixel samples per cell |
| `ImageData` | `width`, `height`: int; `data`: seq[uint8] | RGBA pixel buffer |
| `RenderOptions` | `protocol`, `fit`, `maxWidth`, `maxHeight`, `maxWidthRatio`, `maxHeightRatio`, `backgroundRgb`, `dither`, `density` | Rendering parameters |
| `TerminalCapabilities` | `columns`, `rows`, `cell`, `protocols` | Detected terminal state |
| `Geometry` | `pixelWidth`, `pixelHeight`, `columns`, `sampleHeight` | Computed render dimensions |
| `CellSize` | `width`, `height`: int | Terminal cell dimensions in pixels |
### Procs
| Proc | Signature | Description |
| ---- | --------- | ----------- |
| `detectCapabilities` | `(): TerminalCapabilities` | Resolve terminal size and protocol support |
| `selectProtocol` | `(caps, preferred): Protocol` | Pick the best available protocol |
| `computeGeometry` | `(imgW, imgH, caps, opts): Geometry` | Compute aspect-preserving render dimensions |
| `renderImageRgba` | `(data, w, h, caps, opts): string` | Render RGBA pixels to escape sequence string |
| `renderImageRaw` | `(rawBytes, w, h, caps, opts): string` | Render raw file bytes (iTerm2 path) |
| `defaultOptions` | `(): RenderOptions` | Half-block, contain fit, 90% width, no dither |
| `thumbnailOptions` | `(): RenderOptions` | Quarter-block, 40 cols, 50% area, dithered |
| `bilinearResizeRgba` | `(img, dstW, dstH): seq[uint8]` | Bilinear RGBA scaling |
| `bilinearResizeRgb` | `(rgb, srcW, srcH, dstW, dstH): seq[uint8]` | Bilinear RGB scaling |
| `terminalIsInteractive` | `(): bool` | Check if both stdout and stdin are TTYs |
| `animated` | `(src: ImageSource): bool` | Check if an image source has multiple frames |
### Protocol-specific renderers
| Proc | Description |
| ---- | ----------- |
| `renderKitty(img, targetW, targetH): string` | Kitty graphics protocol |
| `renderKittyFile(filePath): string` | Kitty file-based PNG render |
| `renderSixel(img, bg, targetW, targetH, dither): string` | Sixel with 256-color palette |
| `renderIterm2(rawBytes, w, h): string` | iTerm2 OSC 1337 inline image |
| `renderHalfBlock(img, bg, columns, sampleHeight, dither): string` | Unicode half-block |
| `renderQuarterBlock(img, bg, columns, sampleHeight, dither): string` | Unicode quarter-block |
### ImageSource (multi-frame / animated images)
| Type | Description |
| ---- | ----------- |
| `Frame` | `image: ImageData`, `duration: float` (seconds) |
| `ImageSource` | `frames: seq[Frame]`, `loop: int` (0 = infinite) |
The library imports the data types but does not decode animated formats.
Use a separate library (e.g. `stb_image` bindings) to produce `ImageSource`.
### TerminalCapabilities helpers
| Proc | Description |
| ---- | ----------- |
| `caps.pixelWidth` | Total pixel width: `columns * cell.width` |
| `caps.pixelHeight` | Total pixel height: `rows * cell.height` |
| `caps.supports(proto)` | Check if a protocol is in the detected set |
## Fit modes
| Mode | Behavior |
| ---- | -------- |
| `fmContain` | Scale to fit within terminal bounds, preserving aspect ratio (default) |
| `fmStretch` | Fill the terminal bounds, ignoring aspect ratio |
| `fmWidth` | Scale to fit terminal width, height follows aspect ratio |
| `fmOriginal` | Use native size if it fits, otherwise scale to contain |
| `fmCellExact` | User specifies exact column count, height derives from aspect ratio |
## Makefile targets
| Target | Description |
| --------- | -------------------------------------------- |
| `all` | Run check, test, and example |
| `check` | Type-check library, test suite, and examples |
| `test` | Compile and run the test program |
| `example` | Compile and run the demo program |
| `clean` | Remove build artifacts |
```
make all # full pipeline
make test # compile and run tests
make example # run the demo
make clean # remove nimcache and binaries
```
## Architecture
```
.gitignore
Makefile
README.md
termimg.nimble
src/termimg.nim top-level module, re-exports public API (`import termimg`)
src/termimg/
types.nim shared types, Geometry, RenderOptions, computeGeometry
capabilities.nim terminal size, cell dimensions, protocol detection
renderer.nim protocol selector, renderImageRgba, renderImageRaw
scaling.nim bilinear RGBA/RGB interpolation, Floyd-Steinberg dithering
kitty.nim kitty graphics protocol encoder
sixel.nim sixel protocol encoder with palette quantization
iterm2.nim iTerm2 inline image protocol encoder
halfblock.nim Unicode half-block renderer (universal fallback)
quarterblock.nim Unicode quadrant-block renderer (2x density)
tests/
test_termimg.nim integration test: 31 test cases across all features (gallery, columns, comparisons, corruption)
examples/
demo.nim standalone demo program with gallery, column layout, fit-grid comparisons
```
## How the block renderers work
### Half-block (U+2580)
Each terminal cell displays two pixels vertically. Upper pixel = foreground
colour (CSI 38;2;R;G;Bm), lower pixel = background colour (CSI 48;2;R;G;Bm).
Colour sequences are emitted only when the colour changes between adjacent
columns, minimizing output size.
```
┌────────────────────┐
│ fg: upper pixel │ ← CSI 38;2;R;G;Bm
│ bg: lower pixel │ ← CSI 48;2;R;G;Bm
│ ▀ │ ← U+2580 UPPER HALF BLOCK
└────────────────────┘
```
### Quarter-block (16 quadrant characters)
Each terminal cell covers a 2x2 pixel region. The four sub-pixels are clustered
into two colour groups (foreground and background) by luminance thresholding,
then mapped to one of 16 Unicode block-drawing characters:
```
TL TR mask bits: ▖▗▘▙▚▛▜▝▞▟▀▄▌▐█
BL BR 3:TL 2:TR 1:BL 0:BR spaces
```
## Dithering
Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion is available for halfblock, quarterblock, and
sixel renderers. Enable via `opts.dither = true`. Error is distributed to four
neighboring pixels (7/16 right, 3/16 bottom-left, 5/16 bottom, 1/16
bottom-right), smoothing gradient banding at the cost of slight grain.
## Verification
The library compiles without errors or warnings under Nim 2+. The test suite
runs 31 test cases covering:
- Protocol detection and capability reporting
- Geometry computation at multiple aspect ratios
- All five fit modes (contain, stretch, width, original, cellexact)
- All three block densities (full, half, quarter)
- Bilinear scaling (up and down)
- Floyd-Steinberg dithering
- Full `renderImageRgba` pipeline
- `thumbnailOptions` preset pipeline
- Zero/negative/invalid dimensions (guard rails)
- Short RGBA buffer (guard against underflow)
- Empty raw bytes (guard against underflow)
- Non-terminal / fake environment (no crash)
- Gallery layout (3 patterns side-by-side)
- Column layout (3 densities stacked for comparison)
- Fit-mode comparison grid (4 fit modes stacked)
- Extreme aspect ratios (wide vs tall)
- Off-by-one buffer sizes (1 byte short, 1 byte extra)
- Tiny images (1x1, 1x10, 10x1)
- Fully transparent image (alpha=0 everywhere)
- Monochrome image (all same colour)
- Extreme opts (maxWidth=0, maxWidth=-1, maxHeight=0)
- Empty protocol set (fallback to half-block)
- Extreme pixel aspect ratios (200x1, 1x200)
- Zero background + dithering on black
- Random-stress (20 renders at random sizes/fit modes/densities)
- Tiny buffer claimed as huge image (guard rail)

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## termimg demo — full visual showcase of every rendering path.
##
## Usage:
## nim c -r --path:src examples/demo.nim
##
## Shows: scanner pattern, rainbow gradient, target circles,
## gallery layout (3 across), column layout (3 densities stacked),
## fit-mode comparison grid, and individual renders for each protocol.
import std/[strutils, math]
import termimg
# ── Pattern generators ──────────────────────────────────────────
proc checkerboard(w, h, csize: int): seq[uint8] =
result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 4
let bright = if ((x div csize) + (y div csize)) mod 2 == 0: 220 else: 40
result[off + 0] = uint8(bright)
result[off + 1] = uint8(bright)
result[off + 2] = uint8(bright)
result[off + 3] = 255
proc rainbowBars(w, h: int): seq[uint8] =
result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 4
let band = float(x) / float(w) * 6.0
let iband = int(band)
let frac = band - float(iband)
var r, g, b: float
case iband
of 0: (r, g, b) = (1.0, frac, 0.0)
of 1: (r, g, b) = (1.0 - frac, 1.0, 0.0)
of 2: (r, g, b) = (0.0, 1.0, frac)
of 3: (r, g, b) = (0.0, 1.0 - frac, 1.0)
of 4: (r, g, b) = (frac, 0.0, 1.0)
else: (r, g, b) = (1.0, 0.0, 1.0 - frac)
let ymul = 0.6 + 0.4 * float(y) / float(h)
result[off + 0] = uint8(clamp(int(r * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
result[off + 1] = uint8(clamp(int(g * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
result[off + 2] = uint8(clamp(int(b * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
result[off + 3] = 255
proc targetCircle(w, h: int): seq[uint8] =
result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
let cx = float(w) / 2.0
let cy = float(h) / 2.0
let maxR = min(cx, cy)
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 4
let dx = float(x) - cx
let dy = float(y) - cy
let r = sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
let ring = int(r / (maxR / 5.0)) mod 2
if ring == 0:
result[off + 0] = 200; result[off + 1] = 50; result[off + 2] = 50
else:
result[off + 0] = 255; result[off + 1] = 255; result[off + 2] = 255
result[off + 3] = 255
proc warmGlow(w, h: int): seq[uint8] =
result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
let cx = float(w) / 2.0
let cy = float(h) / 2.0
# maxR intentionally omitted: warmGlow normalizes by cx,cy directly
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 4
let dx = (float(x) - cx) / cx
let dy = (float(y) - cy) / cy
let dist = sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
let glow = clamp(int(255.0 * exp(-dist * 2.5)), 0, 255)
result[off + 0] = uint8(glow)
result[off + 1] = uint8(glow * 3 div 5)
result[off + 2] = uint8(glow div 3)
result[off + 3] = 255
# ── Side-by-side render helper ─────────────────────────────────
proc renderSideBySide(images: openArray[seq[uint8]],
widths: openArray[int],
heights: openArray[int],
caps: TerminalCapabilities,
opts: RenderOptions,
gap: int = 2): string =
## Renders N images at the same geometry and stitches them row-by-row.
let geo = computeGeometry(widths[0], heights[0], caps, opts)
var parts = newSeq[(seq[string], int)]() # (lines, frames_consumed)
for i in 0 ..< images.len:
let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: widths[i], height: heights[i], data: images[i]),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
parts.add (outStr.split('\n'), 0)
let maxRows = min(min(parts[0][0].len, parts[1][0].len),
(if parts.len > 2: parts[2][0].len else: parts[1][0].len))
for row in 0 ..< maxRows:
for i in 0 ..< parts.len:
if row < parts[i][0].len:
result.add parts[i][0][row]
if i < parts.len - 1:
result.add spaces(gap)
result.add "\n"
when isMainModule:
echo ""
echo "╭──────────────────────────────────────────────╮"
echo "│ termimg — Full Demo │"
echo "╰──────────────────────────────────────────────╯"
echo ""
let caps = detectCapabilities()
echo "Terminal: ", caps.columns, "x", caps.rows, " cells"
echo "Cell: ", caps.cell.width, "x", caps.cell.height, " px"
echo ""
echo "Detected protocols:"
for proto in [ptKitty, ptIterm2, ptSixel, ptQuarterBlock, ptHalfBlock]:
let mark = if caps.supports(proto): "" else: ""
echo " ", ($proto).align(14), mark
echo ""
# ── Pattern generation ──────────────────────────────────────────
const patternW = 64
const patternH = 48
let chk = checkerboard(patternW, patternH, 8)
let rnb = rainbowBars(patternW, patternH)
let tgt = targetCircle(patternW, patternH)
let glow = warmGlow(patternW, patternH)
# ── 1. Gallery: 3 patterns side-by-side ─────────────────────────
echo "── Gallery: 3 patterns side-by-side ──"
var optsGal = defaultOptions()
optsGal.maxWidth = (caps.columns - 4) div 3
optsGal.fit = fmWidth
stdout.write(renderSideBySide([chk, rnb, tgt], [patternW, patternW, patternW],
[patternH, patternH, patternH], caps, optsGal))
echo ""
# ── 2. All four patterns in a column (thumbnail pipeline) ──────
echo "── All four patterns (thumbnail pipeline) ──"
let thumbOpts = thumbnailOptions()
for (name, pix) in [("Checkerboard", chk), ("Rainbow bars", rnb),
("Target circles", tgt), ("Warm glow", glow)]:
echo " ", name, ":"
let outStr = renderImageRgba(pix, patternW, patternH, caps, thumbOpts)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
echo ""
# ── 3. Column layout: rainbow at 3 densities for comparison ────
echo "── Column layout: rainbow at 3 block densities ──"
let colW = caps.columns - 2
for density in [bdFull, bdHalf, bdQuarter]:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.density = density
opts.maxWidth = colW
opts.fit = fmWidth
let geo = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: rnb),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
echo " ($1$2 cols x $3 samples)" % [$density, $geo.columns, $geo.sampleHeight]
echo ""
echo ""
# ── 4. Fit-mode comparison grid (quarter-block, dithered) ──────
echo "── Fit-mode grid: target circles at 4 fit modes ──"
let halfW = caps.columns div 2 - 1
for fit in [fmContain, fmWidth, fmOriginal, fmStretch]:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.fit = fit
opts.maxWidth = halfW
opts.density = bdQuarter
let geo = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
let outStr = renderQuarterBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: tgt),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight, dither = true)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
echo " ($1$2 px, $3 cols x $4 samples)" % [
$fit, $geo.pixelWidth & "x" & $geo.pixelHeight,
$geo.columns, $geo.sampleHeight]
echo ""
echo ""
# ── 5. Individual renders per protocol ──────────────────────────
echo "── Default render (half-block, contain fit) ──"
let out1 = renderImageRgba(chk, patternW, patternH, caps, defaultOptions())
stdout.write(out1)
stdout.write("\n")
echo ""
echo "── Quarter-block thumbnail (40 cols, dithered) ──"
let out2 = renderImageRgba(rnb, patternW, patternH, caps, thumbnailOptions())
stdout.write(out2)
stdout.write("\n")
echo ""
# ── 6. Extreme aspect-ratio demo ────────────────────────────────
echo "── Wide vs tall: checkerboard at extreme ratios ──"
var optsW = defaultOptions()
optsW.maxWidth = caps.columns - 2
optsW.fit = fmWidth
let geoW = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, optsW)
let outW = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: chk),
optsW.backgroundRgb, geoW.columns, geoW.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outW)
echo " (wide: $1 cols x $2 samples)" % [$geoW.columns, $geoW.sampleHeight]
echo ""
let tallPixels = checkerboard(patternH, patternW, 6) # 48x64
var optsT = defaultOptions()
optsT.maxHeight = caps.rows - 4
optsT.fit = fmContain
let geoT = computeGeometry(patternH, patternW, caps, optsT)
let outT = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternH, height: patternW, data: tallPixels),
optsT.backgroundRgb, geoT.columns, geoT.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outT)
echo " (tall: $1 cols x $2 samples)" % [$geoT.columns, $geoT.sampleHeight]
echo ""
echo "╭──────────────────────────────────────────────╮"
echo "│ Demo complete. All renders done. │"
echo "╰──────────────────────────────────────────────╯"

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# Package
version = "1.0.0"
author = "molodetz"
description = "Render images in the terminal — kitty, sixel, iTerm2, halfblock, and quarterblock protocols"
license = "MIT"
srcDir = "src"
# Dependencies
requires "nim >= 2.0.0"
# Tasks
task test, "Run the test suite":
exec "nim c --path:src -r tests/test_termimg.nim"
task example, "Run the demo program":
exec "nim c --path:src -r examples/demo.nim"
task check, "Type-check all source files":
exec "nim check --path:src src/termimg.nim"
exec "nim check --path:src tests/test_termimg.nim"
exec "nim check --path:src examples/demo.nim"

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## termimg — Terminal Image Rendering for Nim
##
## Picture-perfect image rendering in the native terminal. Renders RGBA
## pixel data using the highest-fidelity protocol the terminal supports.
##
## ## Supported Protocols
##
## | Protocol | Fidelity | Mechanism |
## |------------- |-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
## | kitty | Exact pixels | RGBA transmitted in base64 chunks |
## | iterm2 | Exact | Raw file bytes via OSC 1337 inline image |
## | sixel | 256-color palette | DCS sixel bands with RLE compression |
## | quarterblock | 4 sub-cells per cell | Unicode quadrant blocks with 24-bit truecolor |
## | halfblock | 2 vertical per cell | Unicode ▀ with 24-bit foreground/background |
##
## ## Usage
##
## ```nim
## import termimg
##
## let caps = detectCapabilities()
## let opts = defaultOptions()
## let output = renderImageRgba(rgbaPixels, 640, 480, caps, opts)
## stdout.write(output)
## ```
import termimg/types, termimg/capabilities, termimg/renderer, termimg/scaling
import termimg/kitty, termimg/sixel, termimg/iterm2, termimg/halfblock, termimg/quarterblock
export termimg.types, termimg.capabilities, termimg.renderer, termimg.scaling
export termimg.kitty, termimg.sixel, termimg.iterm2, termimg.halfblock, termimg.quarterblock

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## Terminal capability detection: size, cell dimensions, and protocol probing.
##
## Detection uses environment heuristics combined with terminal escape query
## where available. Falls back gracefully to halfblock in all terminals.
import std/[os, terminal, strutils]
import types
proc terminalIsInteractive*(): bool =
isatty(stdout) and isatty(stdin)
proc cellSize*(columns, rows: int): CellSize =
## Estimate cell pixel dimensions.
## For true-color terminals, these defaults work well.
## Actual pixel dimensions are derived during rendering.
CellSize(width: DefaultCellWidth, height: DefaultCellHeight)
proc protocolsFromEnvironment(): set[Protocol] =
## Detect supported image protocols from environment variables.
let term = getEnv("TERM", "")
let termProgram = getEnv("TERM_PROGRAM", "")
# Kitty protocol
if getEnv("KITTY_WINDOW_ID", "").len > 0:
result.incl ptKitty
if termProgram in ["kitty", "ghostty", "WezTerm"]:
result.incl ptKitty
if getEnv("WEZTERM_EXECUTABLE", "").len > 0:
result.incl ptKitty
result.incl ptSixel
if term.find("kitty") >= 0:
result.incl ptKitty
# iTerm2 protocol
if termProgram in ["iTerm.app", "vscode"]:
result.incl ptIterm2
# Sixel protocol
let colorterm = getEnv("COLORTERM", "")
if colorterm.find("sixel") >= 0 or term.find("sixel") >= 0:
result.incl ptSixel
if term in ["foot", "xterm-foot", "mlterm"]:
result.incl ptSixel
proc detectCapabilities*(): TerminalCapabilities =
## Resolve terminal capabilities: size, cell size, and supported protocols.
## Always returns valid values — never crashes even outside a terminal.
let rawCols = terminalWidth()
let rawRows = terminalHeight()
let columns = if rawCols > 0: rawCols else: 80
let rows = if rawRows > 0: rawRows else: 24
let cell = cellSize(columns, rows)
var protocols: set[Protocol] = {ptHalfBlock}
protocols = protocols + protocolsFromEnvironment()
TerminalCapabilities(
columns: columns,
rows: rows,
cell: cell,
protocols: protocols,
)

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## Half-block Unicode renderer — universal fallback.
##
## Uses ▀ (UPPER HALF BLOCK) with 24-bit foreground/background
## colors. Two vertical samples per character cell. Works in any
## truecolor terminal. Supports bilinear scaling and optional
## Floyd-Steinberg dithering for downscaled images.
import std/[strutils, math]
import types, scaling
const
Csi = "\e["
ResetColor = Csi & "0m"
UpperHalfBlock = ""
type
Color = tuple[r, g, b: uint8]
proc foreground(color: Color): string =
Csi & "38;2;" & $color.r & ";" & $color.g & ";" & $color.b & "m"
proc background(color: Color): string =
Csi & "48;2;" & $color.r & ";" & $color.g & ";" & $color.b & "m"
proc compositeOver(img: ImageData, bg: tuple[r, g, b: uint8]): seq[uint8] =
let total = img.width * img.height
result = newSeq[uint8](total * 3)
for i in 0 ..< total:
let off = i * 4
let a = float(img.data[off + 3]) / 255.0
let inva = 1.0 - a
result[i * 3 + 0] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 0]) * a + float(bg.r) * inva)
result[i * 3 + 1] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 1]) * a + float(bg.g) * inva)
result[i * 3 + 2] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 2]) * a + float(bg.b) * inva)
proc floydSteinbergHalfBlock(
buf: var seq[uint8], w, h: int,
) =
## In-place Floyd-Steinberg dithering of the resized RGB buffer.
## Distributes quantization error to smooth banding in downscaled images.
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 3
for c in 0 ..< 3:
var old = float(buf[off + c])
var newVal = round(old)
if newVal < 0.0: newVal = 0.0
if newVal > 255.0: newVal = 255.0
let err = old - newVal
buf[off + c] = uint8(newVal)
template d(xx, yy, wgt: untyped) =
if xx >= 0 and xx < w and yy >= 0 and yy < h:
let toff = (yy * w + xx) * 3
buf[toff + c] = uint8(clamp(
int(round(float(buf[toff + c]) + err * wgt)), 0, 255))
d(x + 1, y, 7.0 / 16.0)
d(x - 1, y + 1, 3.0 / 16.0)
d(x, y + 1, 5.0 / 16.0)
d(x + 1, y + 1, 1.0 / 16.0)
proc renderHalfBlock*(
img: ImageData,
background: tuple[r, g, b: uint8],
columns, sampleHeight: int,
dither: bool = false,
): string =
## Produce half-block Unicode output.
## Returns empty string if source or target dimensions are invalid.
if img.width <= 0 or img.height <= 0 or columns <= 0 or sampleHeight <= 0:
return ""
if img.data.len < img.width * img.height * 4:
return ""
let rgb = compositeOver(img, background)
let rgbScaled = bilinearResizeRgb(rgb, img.width, img.height, columns, sampleHeight)
var buf = rgbScaled
if dither:
floydSteinbergHalfBlock(buf, columns, sampleHeight)
var lines: seq[string]
for top in countup(0, sampleHeight - 2, 2):
var parts: seq[string]
var prevTop: Color = (0'u8, 0, 0)
var prevBot: Color = (0'u8, 0, 0)
var first = true
for col in 0 ..< columns:
let topOff = (top * columns + col) * 3
let botOff = ((top + 1) * columns + col) * 3
let upper: Color = (
buf[topOff + 0],
buf[topOff + 1],
buf[topOff + 2],
)
let lower: Color = (
buf[botOff + 0],
buf[botOff + 1],
buf[botOff + 2],
)
if first or upper != prevTop:
parts.add(foreground(upper))
prevTop = upper
if first or lower != prevBot:
parts.add(background(lower))
prevBot = lower
parts.add(UpperHalfBlock)
first = false
parts.add(ResetColor)
lines.add(join(parts))
result = join(lines, "\n")

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## iTerm2 inline image protocol renderer.
##
## Encodes raw file bytes as base64 and emits via OSC 1337.
import std/base64
const
Osc = "\e]"
Bel = "\a"
proc renderIterm2*(rawBytes: seq[uint8], width, height: int): string =
## Produce iTerm2 inline image escape sequence.
## `rawBytes` is the original image file bytes (PNG, JPEG, etc.).
let b64 = encode(rawBytes)
result = Osc & "1337;File=inline=1;width=" & $width &
"px;height=" & $height &
"px;size=" & $rawBytes.len &
";name=image;base64," & b64 & Bel & "\n"

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## Kitty graphics protocol renderer.
##
## Transmits RGBA pixel data in base64 chunks. See:
## https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/graphics-protocol/
import std/[base64, math, strutils]
import types, scaling
const
Apc = "\e_"
St = "\e\\"
KittyChunkBytes = 4096
RgbaFormat = 32
proc renderKitty*(img: ImageData, targetW, targetH: int): string =
## Produce kitty graphics escape sequence for the given image.
## Returns empty string if source or target dimensions are invalid.
if img.width <= 0 or img.height <= 0 or targetW <= 0 or targetH <= 0:
return ""
if img.data.len < img.width * img.height * 4:
return ""
let pixels = bilinearResizeRgba(img, targetW, targetH)
if pixels.len == 0:
return ""
let payload = encode(pixels)
let numChunks = max(1, int(ceil(float(payload.len) / float(KittyChunkBytes))))
var seqs: seq[string]
for i in 0 ..< numChunks:
let chunkStart = i * KittyChunkBytes
let chunkEnd = min(chunkStart + KittyChunkBytes, payload.len)
let chunk = payload[chunkStart ..< chunkEnd]
let last = i == numChunks - 1
let m = if last: 0 else: 1
if i == 0:
seqs.add(Apc & "Ga=T,f=" & $RgbaFormat & ",s=" & $targetW &
",v=" & $targetH & ",m=" & $m & ";" & chunk & St)
else:
seqs.add(Apc & "Gm=" & $m & ";" & chunk & St)
# End-of-data marker + present command
seqs.add(Apc & "Gm=0;" & St)
seqs.add(Apc & "Ga=P" & St)
result = seqs.join()
proc renderKittyFile*(filePath: string): string =
## Tell the terminal to read a PNG file directly (t=f, f=100).
## Only works for local terminals that can access the file path.
let encoded = encode(filePath)
result = Apc & "Gf=100,t=f;" & encoded & St

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## Quarter-block Unicode renderer — double-density fallback.
##
## Uses the Unicode quadrant block characters (▖▗▘▙▚▛▜▝▞▟█ and space)
## to render 2×2 pixel samples per terminal cell. Each character
## encodes which of the four quadrants take the foreground colour
## and which take the background colour.
##
## With Floyd-Steinberg dithering, this produces remarkably detailed
## thumbnails even in terminals without graphics protocol support.
import std/[strutils, math]
import types, scaling
const
Csi = "\e["
ResetColor = Csi & "0m"
type
Color = tuple[r, g, b: uint8]
# Quadrant block character lookup table.
# Index bits: bit0 = top-left, bit1 = top-right, bit2 = bottom-left, bit3 = bottom-right
# 1 = foreground colour, 0 = background colour
const
QuadChars: array[16, string] = [
" ", # 0000 — all background
"", # 0001 — bottom-right only
"", # 0010 — bottom-left only
"", # 0011 — bottom row (both bottom quadrants)
"", # 0100 — top-right only
"", # 0101 — top-right + bottom-right (right column)
"", # 0110 — top-right + bottom-left (diagonal)
"", # 0111 — all except top-left
"", # 1000 — top-left only
"", # 1001 — all except top-right
"", # 1010 — top-left + bottom-left (left column)
"", # 1011 — all except bottom-right
"", # 1100 — top row (both top quadrants)
"", # 1101 — left column (top-left + bottom-left)
"", # 1110 — right column (top-right + bottom-right)
"", # 1111 — all foreground
]
proc foreground(color: Color): string =
Csi & "38;2;" & $color.r & ";" & $color.g & ";" & $color.b & "m"
proc background(color: Color): string =
Csi & "48;2;" & $color.r & ";" & $color.g & ";" & $color.b & "m"
proc compositeOver(img: ImageData, bg: tuple[r, g, b: uint8]): seq[uint8] =
let total = img.width * img.height
result = newSeq[uint8](total * 3)
for i in 0 ..< total:
let off = i * 4
let a = float(img.data[off + 3]) / 255.0
let inva = 1.0 - a
result[i * 3 + 0] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 0]) * a + float(bg.r) * inva)
result[i * 3 + 1] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 1]) * a + float(bg.g) * inva)
result[i * 3 + 2] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 2]) * a + float(bg.b) * inva)
proc floydSteinbergQuarter(
buf: var seq[uint8], w, h: int,
) =
## In-place Floyd-Steinberg dithering.
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 3
for c in 0 ..< 3:
var old = float(buf[off + c])
var newVal = round(old)
if newVal < 0.0: newVal = 0.0
if newVal > 255.0: newVal = 255.0
let err = old - newVal
buf[off + c] = uint8(newVal)
template d(xx, yy, wgt: untyped) =
if xx >= 0 and xx < w and yy >= 0 and yy < h:
let toff = (yy * w + xx) * 3
buf[toff + c] = uint8(clamp(
int(round(float(buf[toff + c]) + err * wgt)), 0, 255))
d(x + 1, y, 7.0 / 16.0)
d(x - 1, y + 1, 3.0 / 16.0)
d(x, y + 1, 5.0 / 16.0)
d(x + 1, y + 1, 1.0 / 16.0)
proc renderQuarterBlock*(
img: ImageData,
background: tuple[r, g, b: uint8],
columns, sampleHeight: int,
dither: bool = true,
): string =
## Produce quarter-block Unicode output.
## Returns empty string if source or target dimensions are invalid.
if img.width <= 0 or img.height <= 0 or columns <= 0 or sampleHeight <= 0:
return ""
if img.data.len < img.width * img.height * 4:
return ""
let rgb = compositeOver(img, background)
let rgbScaled = bilinearResizeRgb(rgb, img.width, img.height, columns, sampleHeight)
var buf = rgbScaled
if dither:
floydSteinbergQuarter(buf, columns, sampleHeight)
# Each cell covers 2×2 source pixels.
# Rows: cells = sampleHeight / 2
# Columns: cells = columns / 2
let cellRows = sampleHeight div 2
let cellCols = columns div 2
var lines: seq[string]
for cy in 0 ..< cellRows:
var parts: seq[string]
var prevFg: Color = (0'u8, 0, 0)
var prevBg: Color = (0'u8, 0, 0)
var first = true
for cx in 0 ..< cellCols:
# Read the 2×2 source region for this cell
let px = cx * 2
let py = cy * 2
template get(xx, yy: int): Color =
let o = ((yy) * columns + (xx)) * 3
(buf[o + 0], buf[o + 1], buf[o + 2])
let
tl = get(px, py) # top-left
tr = get(px + 1, py) # top-right
bl = get(px, py + 1) # bottom-left
br = get(px + 1, py + 1) # bottom-right
# Cluster the 4 colours into 2 groups (fg and bg) via simple threshold.
# Compute luminance for each quadrant.
proc lum(c: Color): float =
0.299 * float(c.r) + 0.587 * float(c.g) + 0.114 * float(c.b)
let lumVals = [lum(tl), lum(tr), lum(bl), lum(br)]
let lumMin = min(lumVals)
let lumMax = max(lumVals)
let lumMid = (lumMin + lumMax) / 2.0
# Quadrants above threshold → fg, below → bg
var mask = 0
var fgSumR, fgSumG, fgSumB: float
var bgSumR, bgSumG, bgSumB: float
var fgCount, bgCount: int
template accum(idx, colr: untyped) =
if lumVals[idx] >= lumMid:
mask = mask or (1 shl idx)
fgSumR += float(colr.r); fgSumG += float(colr.g); fgSumB += float(colr.b)
inc fgCount
else:
bgSumR += float(colr.r); bgSumG += float(colr.g); bgSumB += float(colr.b)
inc bgCount
accum(3, br) # bit0 = bottom-right (matches QuadChars ordering)
accum(2, bl) # bit1 = bottom-left
accum(1, tr) # bit2 = top-right
accum(0, tl) # bit3 = top-left
var fg: Color
var bg: Color
if fgCount > 0:
fg = (
uint8(clamp(int(round(fgSumR / float(fgCount))), 0, 255)),
uint8(clamp(int(round(fgSumG / float(fgCount))), 0, 255)),
uint8(clamp(int(round(fgSumB / float(fgCount))), 0, 255)),
)
else:
fg = (0'u8, 0, 0)
if bgCount > 0:
bg = (
uint8(clamp(int(round(bgSumR / float(bgCount))), 0, 255)),
uint8(clamp(int(round(bgSumG / float(bgCount))), 0, 255)),
uint8(clamp(int(round(bgSumB / float(bgCount))), 0, 255)),
)
else:
bg = background
if first or fg != prevFg:
parts.add(foreground(fg))
prevFg = fg
if first or bg != prevBg:
parts.add(background(bg))
prevBg = bg
parts.add(QuadChars[mask])
first = false
parts.add(ResetColor)
lines.add(join(parts))
result = join(lines, "\n")

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## Terminal image renderer — main API and protocol selector.
##
## Auto-detects terminal capabilities and renders images using the
## best available protocol. The priority order is:
## kitty → iterm2 → sixel → quarterblock → halfblock.
##
## ## Quick Start
##
## ```nim
## import termimg
##
## let caps = detectCapabilities()
## let opts = defaultOptions()
## let output = renderImageRgba(pixels, 640, 480, caps, opts)
## stdout.write(output)
## ```
import std/[logging]
import types
import kitty, iterm2, sixel, halfblock, quarterblock
const
PriorityOrder = [ptKitty, ptIterm2, ptSixel, ptQuarterBlock, ptHalfBlock]
proc selectProtocol*(caps: TerminalCapabilities, preferred: Protocol = ptAuto): Protocol =
## Select the best available protocol.
if preferred != ptAuto:
if caps.supports(preferred):
return preferred
warn("preferred protocol " & $preferred & " not detected; forcing anyway")
return preferred
for proto in PriorityOrder:
if caps.supports(proto):
return proto
return ptHalfBlock
proc renderImageRgba*(data: seq[uint8], width, height: int,
caps: TerminalCapabilities,
opts: RenderOptions): string =
## Render RGBA pixel data to a terminal escape string.
## Returns empty string for invalid input (zero dimensions, short buffer).
if width <= 0 or height <= 0 or data.len < width * height * 4:
return ""
let img = ImageData(width: width, height: height, data: data)
let geo = computeGeometry(width, height, caps, opts)
let proto = selectProtocol(caps, opts.protocol)
case proto
of ptKitty:
result = renderKitty(img, geo.pixelWidth, geo.pixelHeight)
of ptIterm2:
result = renderSixel(img, opts.backgroundRgb, geo.pixelWidth, geo.pixelHeight,
dither = opts.dither)
of ptSixel:
result = renderSixel(img, opts.backgroundRgb, geo.pixelWidth, geo.pixelHeight,
dither = opts.dither)
of ptQuarterBlock:
result = renderQuarterBlock(img, opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight,
dither = opts.dither)
of ptHalfBlock:
result = renderHalfBlock(img, opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight,
dither = opts.dither)
of ptAuto:
result = renderHalfBlock(img, opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight,
dither = opts.dither)
proc renderImageRaw*(rawBytes: seq[uint8], width, height: int,
caps: TerminalCapabilities,
opts: RenderOptions): string =
## Render from raw image file bytes.
## Returns empty string for invalid input or when iterm2 is unavailable.
if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
return ""
let proto = selectProtocol(caps, opts.protocol)
if proto == ptIterm2:
let geo = computeGeometry(width, height, caps, opts)
result = renderIterm2(rawBytes, geo.pixelWidth, geo.pixelHeight)
else:
warn("raw bytes rendering requested but iterm2 not available")
result = ""
proc defaultOptions*: RenderOptions =
## Sensible defaults: auto protocol, contain fit, half density.
RenderOptions(
protocol: ptAuto,
fit: fmContain,
maxWidth: 0,
maxHeight: 0,
maxWidthRatio: 0.9,
maxHeightRatio: 0.8,
backgroundRgb: (0'u8, 0'u8, 0'u8),
dither: false,
density: bdHalf,
)
proc thumbnailOptions*: RenderOptions =
## Options tuned for thumbnail rendering: quarter density with dithering.
RenderOptions(
protocol: ptAuto,
fit: fmContain,
maxWidth: 40,
maxHeight: 20,
maxWidthRatio: 0.5,
maxHeightRatio: 0.5,
backgroundRgb: (0'u8, 0'u8, 0'u8),
dither: true,
density: bdQuarter,
)

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## Shared image scaling: bilinear interpolation for RGBA and RGB buffers.
import std/math
import types
proc bilinearResizeRgba*(img: ImageData, dstW, dstH: int): seq[uint8] =
## Bilinear resize of RGBA image. Edge-clamped sampling.
if img.width <= 0 or img.height <= 0 or dstW <= 0 or dstH <= 0:
return newSeq[uint8](max(0, dstW * dstH * 4))
if img.width == dstW and img.height == dstH:
return img.data
let dataLen = img.data.len
let needed = img.width * img.height * 4
if dataLen < needed:
return newSeq[uint8](max(0, dstW * dstH * 4))
result = newSeq[uint8](dstW * dstH * 4)
let
xRatio = float(img.width - 1) / float(max(dstW, 2) - 1)
yRatio = float(img.height - 1) / float(max(dstH, 2) - 1)
for y in 0 ..< dstH:
let
sy = float(y) * yRatio
sy0 = clamp(int(sy), 0, img.height - 1)
sy1 = clamp(sy0 + 1, 0, img.height - 1)
fy = sy - float(sy0)
for x in 0 ..< dstW:
let
sx = float(x) * xRatio
sx0 = clamp(int(sx), 0, img.width - 1)
sx1 = clamp(sx0 + 1, 0, img.width - 1)
fx = sx - float(sx0)
let
off00 = (sy0 * img.width + sx0) * 4
off01 = (sy0 * img.width + sx1) * 4
off10 = (sy1 * img.width + sx0) * 4
off11 = (sy1 * img.width + sx1) * 4
let dstOff = (y * dstW + x) * 4
for c in 0 ..< 4:
let
v00 = float(img.data[off00 + c])
v01 = float(img.data[off01 + c])
v10 = float(img.data[off10 + c])
v11 = float(img.data[off11 + c])
v0 = v00 + (v01 - v00) * fx
v1 = v10 + (v11 - v10) * fx
v = v0 + (v1 - v0) * fy
result[dstOff + c] = uint8(clamp(int(round(v)), 0, 255))
proc bilinearResizeRgb*(rgb: seq[uint8], srcW, srcH, dstW, dstH: int): seq[uint8] =
## Bilinear resize of packed RGB (3 bytes/pixel). Edge-clamped sampling.
if srcW <= 0 or srcH <= 0 or dstW <= 0 or dstH <= 0:
return newSeq[uint8](max(0, dstW * dstH * 3))
let dataLen = rgb.len
let needed = srcW * srcH * 3
if dataLen < needed:
return newSeq[uint8](max(0, dstW * dstH * 3))
if srcW == dstW and srcH == dstH:
return rgb
result = newSeq[uint8](dstW * dstH * 3)
let
xRatio = float(srcW - 1) / float(max(dstW, 2) - 1)
yRatio = float(srcH - 1) / float(max(dstH, 2) - 1)
for y in 0 ..< dstH:
let
sy = float(y) * yRatio
sy0 = clamp(int(sy), 0, srcH - 1)
sy1 = clamp(sy0 + 1, 0, srcH - 1)
fy = sy - float(sy0)
for x in 0 ..< dstW:
let
sx = float(x) * xRatio
sx0 = clamp(int(sx), 0, srcW - 1)
sx1 = clamp(sx0 + 1, 0, srcW - 1)
fx = sx - float(sx0)
let
off00 = (sy0 * srcW + sx0) * 3
off01 = (sy0 * srcW + sx1) * 3
off10 = (sy1 * srcW + sx0) * 3
off11 = (sy1 * srcW + sx1) * 3
let dstOff = (y * dstW + x) * 3
for c in 0 ..< 3:
let
v00 = float(rgb[off00 + c])
v01 = float(rgb[off01 + c])
v10 = float(rgb[off10 + c])
v11 = float(rgb[off11 + c])
v0 = v00 + (v01 - v00) * fx
v1 = v10 + (v11 - v10) * fx
v = v0 + (v1 - v0) * fy
result[dstOff + c] = uint8(clamp(int(round(v)), 0, 255))
type
RgbBuf* = object
data*: seq[uint8]
w*, h*: int
proc floydSteinberg*(buf: var RgbBuf) =
## Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion dithering.
## Modifies buf in place. Use before quantizing to a reduced palette.
## Distributes quantization error to neighboring pixels.
let stride = buf.w
for y in 0 ..< buf.h:
for x in 0 ..< buf.w:
let off = (y * stride + x) * 3
# Quantize to nearest valid value; for truecolor this is a no-op,
# but callers can override `quantize` per channel.
for c in 0 ..< 3:
var old = float(buf.data[off + c])
var newVal = round(old)
if newVal < 0.0: newVal = 0.0
if newVal > 255.0: newVal = 255.0
let err = old - newVal
buf.data[off + c] = uint8(newVal)
# Distribute error
template d(xx, yy, wgt: untyped) =
if xx >= 0 and xx < buf.w and yy >= 0 and yy < buf.h:
let toff = (yy * stride + xx) * 3
buf.data[toff + c] = uint8(clamp(
int(round(float(buf.data[toff + c]) + err * wgt)), 0, 255))
d(x + 1, y, 7.0 / 16.0)
d(x - 1, y + 1, 3.0 / 16.0)
d(x, y + 1, 5.0 / 16.0)
d(x + 1, y + 1, 1.0 / 16.0)

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## Sixel graphics protocol renderer.
##
## Encodes images as sixel bands (6 pixels vertical per band)
## with a 256-color palette and RLE compression.
## Supports bilinear scaling and optional Floyd-Steinberg dithering.
import std/[math, tables, algorithm, strutils]
import types, scaling
const
Dcs = "\eP"
St = "\e\\"
SixelBandHeight = 6
SixelMaxColors = 256
SixelColorScale = 100
SixelPrintableOffset = 63
RleIntro = '!'
RepeatThreshold = 3
RgbColorSpace = 2
type
Rgb = tuple[r, g, b: int]
proc quantizeColor(r, g, b: uint8): Rgb =
let scale = float(SixelColorScale) / 255.0
(
int(round(float(r) * scale)),
int(round(float(g) * scale)),
int(round(float(b) * scale)),
)
proc encodeRun(code: int, count: int): string =
let glyph = char(SixelPrintableOffset + code)
if count > RepeatThreshold:
result = RleIntro & $count & glyph
else:
result = repeat(glyph, count)
proc encodeRow(codes: seq[int]): string =
var parts: seq[string]
if codes.len == 0:
return ""
var runCode = codes[0]
var runLen = 0
for c in codes:
if c == runCode:
inc runLen
else:
parts.add(encodeRun(runCode, runLen))
runCode = c
runLen = 1
parts.add(encodeRun(runCode, runLen))
result = join(parts)
proc compositeOver(img: ImageData, bg: tuple[r, g, b: uint8]): seq[uint8] =
let total = img.width * img.height
result = newSeq[uint8](total * 3)
for i in 0 ..< total:
let off = i * 4
let a = float(img.data[off + 3]) / 255.0
let inva = 1.0 - a
result[i * 3 + 0] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 0]) * a + float(bg.r) * inva)
result[i * 3 + 1] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 1]) * a + float(bg.g) * inva)
result[i * 3 + 2] = uint8(float(img.data[off + 2]) * a + float(bg.b) * inva)
proc floydSteinbergSixel(buf: var seq[uint8], w, h: int) =
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 3
for c in 0 ..< 3:
var old = float(buf[off + c])
var newVal = round(old)
if newVal < 0.0: newVal = 0.0
if newVal > 255.0: newVal = 255.0
let err = old - newVal
buf[off + c] = uint8(newVal)
template d(xx, yy, wgt: untyped) =
if xx >= 0 and xx < w and yy >= 0 and yy < h:
let toff = (yy * w + xx) * 3
buf[toff + c] = uint8(clamp(
int(round(float(buf[toff + c]) + err * wgt)), 0, 255))
d(x + 1, y, 7.0 / 16.0)
d(x - 1, y + 1, 3.0 / 16.0)
d(x, y + 1, 5.0 / 16.0)
d(x + 1, y + 1, 1.0 / 16.0)
proc quantize(rgb: seq[uint8], pixelCount: int): (seq[int], seq[Rgb]) =
var palette: seq[Rgb]
var indexMap = initTable[tuple[r, g, b: int], int]()
result[0] = newSeq[int](pixelCount)
for i in 0 ..< pixelCount:
let q = quantizeColor(rgb[i * 3], rgb[i * 3 + 1], rgb[i * 3 + 2])
if q notin indexMap:
if indexMap.len >= SixelMaxColors:
var bestIdx = -1
var bestDist = high(int)
for j, p in palette:
let dr = q.r - p.r
let dg = q.g - p.g
let db = q.b - p.b
let dist = dr * dr + dg * dg + db * db
if dist < bestDist:
bestDist = dist
bestIdx = j
indexMap[q] = bestIdx
else:
let idx = palette.len
palette.add(q)
indexMap[q] = idx
result[0][i] = indexMap[q]
proc renderSixel*(
img: ImageData,
background: tuple[r, g, b: uint8],
targetW, targetH: int,
dither: bool = false,
): string =
## Produce sixel escape sequence for the given image.
## Returns empty string if source or target dimensions are invalid.
if img.width <= 0 or img.height <= 0 or targetW <= 0 or targetH <= 0:
return ""
if img.data.len < img.width * img.height * 4:
return ""
let rgb = compositeOver(img, background)
var rgbScaled = bilinearResizeRgb(rgb, img.width, img.height, targetW, targetH)
if dither:
floydSteinbergSixel(rgbScaled, targetW, targetH)
let pixelCount = targetW * targetH
let (indices, palette) = quantize(rgbScaled, pixelCount)
var parts: seq[string]
parts.add(Dcs)
parts.add("q")
parts.add("\"1;1;" & $targetW & ";" & $targetH)
var colorOrder: seq[int]
for c in indices:
if c notin colorOrder:
colorOrder.add(c)
var colorSeen: set[0 .. 255]
for c in colorOrder:
if c in colorSeen: continue
colorSeen.incl c
let p = palette[c]
parts.add("#" & $c & ";" & $RgbColorSpace & ";" & $p.r & ";" & $p.g & ";" & $p.b)
var bandLines: seq[string]
for top in countup(0, targetH - 1, SixelBandHeight):
let depth = min(SixelBandHeight, targetH - top)
var bandColors: seq[int]
var seen: set[0 .. 255]
for row in 0 ..< depth:
let base = (top + row) * targetW
for col in 0 ..< targetW:
let c = indices[base + col]
if c notin seen:
seen.incl c
bandColors.add(c)
sort(bandColors)
var passes: seq[string]
for color in bandColors:
var codes: seq[int]
for col in 0 ..< targetW:
var sixelVal = 0
for row in 0 ..< depth:
let idx = (top + row) * targetW + col
if indices[idx] == color:
sixelVal = sixelVal or (1 shl row)
codes.add(sixelVal)
passes.add("#" & $color & encodeRow(codes))
if passes.len > 0:
bandLines.add(join(passes, "$"))
else:
bandLines.add("")
parts.add(join(bandLines, "-"))
parts.add(St)
result = join(parts)

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## Terminal image rendering — shared types and geometry calculations.
import std/math
type
Protocol* = enum
ptKitty = "kitty"
ptSixel = "sixel"
ptIterm2 = "iterm2"
ptHalfBlock = "halfblock"
ptQuarterBlock = "quarterblock"
ptAuto = "auto"
FitMode* = enum
fmContain = "contain"
fmStretch = "stretch"
fmWidth = "width"
fmOriginal = "original"
fmCellExact = "cellexact"
BlockDensity* = enum
bdFull = 1 ## 1 pixel sample per cell (█ solid block)
bdHalf = 2 ## 2 vertical samples per cell (▀ half block)
bdQuarter = 4 ## 4 samples per cell (2×2 quadrant blocks)
CellSize* = object
width*: int
height*: int
TerminalCapabilities* = object
columns*: int
rows*: int
cell*: CellSize
protocols*: set[Protocol]
Geometry* = object
pixelWidth*: int
pixelHeight*: int
columns*: int
sampleHeight*: int
ImageData* = object
width*: int
height*: int
data*: seq[uint8] ## RGBA packed, row-major (width*height*4 bytes)
RenderOptions* = object
protocol*: Protocol
fit*: FitMode
maxWidth*: int
maxHeight*: int
maxWidthRatio*: float
maxHeightRatio*: float
backgroundRgb*: tuple[r, g, b: uint8]
dither*: bool
density*: BlockDensity
Frame* = object
image*: ImageData
duration*: float
ImageSource* = object
frames*: seq[Frame]
loop*: int
const
ReservedRows* = 1
DefaultCellWidth* = 10
DefaultCellHeight* = 20
proc pixelWidth*(caps: TerminalCapabilities): int =
caps.columns * caps.cell.width
proc pixelHeight*(caps: TerminalCapabilities): int =
caps.rows * caps.cell.height
proc supports*(caps: TerminalCapabilities, proto: Protocol): bool =
proto in caps.protocols
proc animated*(src: ImageSource): bool =
src.frames.len > 1
func scaleToFit(w, h, maxW, maxH: int): (int, int) =
if w <= 0 or h <= 0:
return (1, 1)
let ratio = min(float(maxW) / float(w), float(maxH) / float(h))
(max(1, int(float(w) * ratio)), max(1, int(float(h) * ratio)))
func scaleToWidth(w, h, maxW: int): (int, int) =
if w <= 0: return (1, 1)
let ratio = float(maxW) / float(w)
(maxW, max(1, int(float(h) * ratio)))
proc computeGeometry*(
imageWidth, imageHeight: int,
caps: TerminalCapabilities,
opts: RenderOptions,
): Geometry =
## Compute render dimensions preserving aspect ratio.
## Uses maxWidthRatio and maxHeightRatio to bound the image within
## the terminal's pixel area. The density setting determines
## how many pixel samples map to each terminal cell.
let cell = caps.cell
# Effective terminal pixel budget
let termPxW = int(float(caps.columns * cell.width) * opts.maxWidthRatio)
let termPxH = int(float(caps.rows * cell.height) * opts.maxHeightRatio)
# User overrides take precedence
let userCols = if opts.maxWidth > 0: opts.maxWidth else: caps.columns
let userRows = if opts.maxHeight > 0: opts.maxHeight else: caps.rows
var maxPxW = min(userCols * cell.width, termPxW)
var maxPxH = min(userRows * cell.height, termPxH)
maxPxW = max(maxPxW, cell.width) # at least one cell
maxPxH = max(maxPxH, cell.height)
if maxPxH > (caps.rows - ReservedRows) * cell.height:
maxPxH = max(1, (caps.rows - ReservedRows) * cell.height)
var (pxW, pxH) =
case opts.fit
of fmStretch:
(maxPxW, maxPxH)
of fmWidth:
if imageWidth <= 0 or imageHeight <= 0:
(cell.width, cell.height)
else:
scaleToWidth(imageWidth, imageHeight, maxPxW)
of fmOriginal:
if imageWidth <= 0 or imageHeight <= 0:
(cell.width, cell.height)
elif imageWidth <= maxPxW and imageHeight <= maxPxH:
(imageWidth, imageHeight)
else:
scaleToFit(imageWidth, imageHeight, maxPxW, maxPxH)
of fmContain:
if imageWidth <= 0 or imageHeight <= 0:
(cell.width, cell.height)
else:
scaleToFit(imageWidth, imageHeight, maxPxW, maxPxH)
of fmCellExact:
if imageWidth <= 0 or imageHeight <= 0:
(cell.width, cell.height)
else:
# User specifies exact cell count; derive pixels from cell size.
let cols = if opts.maxWidth > 0: opts.maxWidth else: caps.columns
let scaleRatio = float(cols * cell.width) / float(imageWidth)
(cols * cell.width, max(1, int(float(imageHeight) * scaleRatio)))
let densityPx = int(opts.density)
let columns = max(1, int(round(float(pxW) / float(cell.width))))
let sampleRows = max(densityPx, int(round(float(pxH) / float(cell.height) * float(densityPx))))
Geometry(
pixelWidth: pxW,
pixelHeight: pxH,
columns: columns,
sampleHeight: sampleRows,
)

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## termimg test — verifies protocol detection, geometry, scaling,
## halfblock, quarterblock, dithering, and aspect-ratio preservation.
##
## Run: nim c -r --path:src tests/test_termimg.nim
import std/[strutils, math]
import termimg
when isMainModule:
echo "=== termimg Advanced Test Suite ==="
# ── Capabilities ──────────────────────────────────────────────
let caps = detectCapabilities()
echo "Terminal: ", caps.columns, "x", caps.rows, " cells"
echo "Cell: ", caps.cell.width, "x", caps.cell.height, " px"
echo "Protocols:"
for proto in [ptKitty, ptIterm2, ptSixel, ptQuarterBlock, ptHalfBlock]:
echo " ", proto, if caps.supports(proto): "" else: ""
# ── Build a test pattern ─────────────────────────────────────
# 32x16 RGBA: gradient bands + sharp edges to test scaling quality
const
pw = 32
ph = 16
var testPixels = newSeq[uint8](pw * ph * 4)
for y in 0 ..< ph:
for x in 0 ..< pw:
let off = (y * pw + x) * 4
let r = uint8(255 * x div (pw - 1))
let g = uint8(0)
let b = uint8(255 * (pw - 1 - x) div (pw - 1))
let brightness = uint8(128 + 127 * y div (ph - 1))
testPixels[off + 0] = uint8((int(r) * int(brightness)) div 255)
testPixels[off + 1] = uint8((int(g) * int(brightness)) div 255)
testPixels[off + 2] = uint8((int(b) * int(brightness)) div 255)
testPixels[off + 3] = 255'u8
# White cross for edge-testing
let cx = pw div 2
let cy = ph div 2
for i in 0 ..< pw:
let offH = (cy * pw + i) * 4
testPixels[offH + 0] = 255; testPixels[offH + 1] = 255
testPixels[offH + 2] = 255; testPixels[offH + 3] = 255
for i in 0 ..< ph:
let offV = (i * pw + cx) * 4
testPixels[offV + 0] = 255; testPixels[offV + 1] = 255
testPixels[offV + 2] = 255; testPixels[offV + 3] = 255
# ── Test 1: Default halfblock ────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 1: Half-block (default, contain fit) ──"
block:
let opts = defaultOptions()
let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
echo " geometry: ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight,
" samples (", geo.pixelWidth, "x", geo.pixelHeight, " px)"
let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
let lines = outStr.split("\n")
echo " output: ", lines.len, " lines, ",
(if lines.len > 0: lines[0].len else: 0), " chars first line"
# ── Test 2: Quarter-block thumbnail ──────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 2: Quarter-block thumbnail ──"
block:
var opts = thumbnailOptions()
let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
echo " geometry: ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
let outStr = renderQuarterBlock(
ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight, dither = true)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
let lines = outStr.split("\n")
echo " output: ", lines.len, " lines, ",
(if lines.len > 0: lines[0].len else: 0), " chars first line"
# ── Test 3: Full-density (bdFull) ────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 3: Full-density (bdFull, 10 cols) ──"
block:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.density = bdFull
opts.maxWidth = 10
let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
echo " geometry: ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
let lines = outStr.split("\n")
echo " output: ", lines.len, " lines"
# ── Test 4: Half-block with dithering ────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 4: Half-block with dithering ──"
block:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.dither = true
opts.maxWidth = 20
let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
echo " geometry: ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight, dither = true)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
let lines = outStr.split("\n")
echo " output: ", lines.len, " lines"
# ── Test 5: Aspect ratio preservation ────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 5: Aspect ratio ──"
block:
let geo = computeGeometry(640, 200, caps, defaultOptions())
let ratio = float(geo.pixelWidth) / float(geo.pixelHeight)
echo " 640x200 → ", geo.pixelWidth, "x", geo.pixelHeight,
" px (ratio ", ratio.formatFloat(ffDecimal, 2), ", expected ~3.2)"
let geo2 = computeGeometry(200, 640, caps, defaultOptions())
let ratio2 = float(geo2.pixelWidth) / float(geo2.pixelHeight)
echo " 200x640 → ", geo2.pixelWidth, "x", geo2.pixelHeight,
" px (ratio ", ratio2.formatFloat(ffDecimal, 2), ", expected ~0.31)"
let geo3 = computeGeometry(500, 500, caps, defaultOptions())
let ratio3 = float(geo3.pixelWidth) / float(geo3.pixelHeight)
echo " 500x500 → ", geo3.pixelWidth, "x", geo3.pixelHeight,
" px (ratio ", ratio3.formatFloat(ffDecimal, 2), ", expected ~1.0)"
# ── Test 6: Fit modes ────────────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 6: Fit modes ──"
block:
for fit in [fmContain, fmStretch, fmWidth, fmOriginal, fmCellExact]:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.fit = fit
opts.maxWidth = 30
let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
echo " ", fit, ": ", geo.pixelWidth, "x", geo.pixelHeight,
" px, ", geo.columns, " cols, ", geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
# ── Test 7: Width-constrained render ─────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 7: Width-constrained ──"
block:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.maxWidth = 8
opts.fit = fmWidth
let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
echo " 32x16 forced to 8 cols → ", geo.columns, " cols x ",
geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
let lines = outStr.split("\n")
echo " output: ", lines.len, " lines"
# ── Test 8: Bilinear scaling ────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 8: Bilinear scaling ──"
block:
let img = ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels)
let scaled = bilinearResizeRgba(img, 64, 32)
let expected = 64 * 32 * 4
echo " ", pw, "x", ph, " → 64x32: ", scaled.len, " bytes (expected ", expected, ")"
doAssert scaled.len == expected
# ── Test 9: Scaling down ─────────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 9: Scaling down ──"
block:
let img = ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels)
let scaled = bilinearResizeRgba(img, 8, 4)
let expected = 8 * 4 * 4
echo " ", pw, "x", ph, " → 8x4: ", scaled.len, " bytes (expected ", expected, ")"
doAssert scaled.len == expected
# ── Test 10: Rgba renderer pipeline ──────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 10: Full renderImageRgba pipeline ──"
block:
let opts = defaultOptions()
let outStr = renderImageRgba(testPixels, pw, ph, caps, opts)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
let lines = outStr.split("\n")
echo " output: ", lines.len, " lines"
# ── Test 11: thumbnailOptions preset ──────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 11: thumbnailOptions pipeline ──"
block:
let opts = thumbnailOptions()
let outStr = renderImageRgba(testPixels, pw, ph, caps, opts)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
let lines = outStr.split("\n")
echo " output: ", lines.len, " lines"
# ── Test 12: Zero dimensions ──────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 12: Zero dimensions (should not crash) ──"
block:
let out1 = renderImageRgba(testPixels, 0, ph, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out1.len == 0, "zero width should return empty"
let out2 = renderImageRgba(testPixels, pw, 0, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out2.len == 0, "zero height should return empty"
let out3 = renderImageRgba(newSeq[uint8](0), 0, 0, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out3.len == 0, "zero dims empty data should return empty"
echo " all zero-dim cases returned empty string (pass)"
# ── Test 13: Short RGBA buffer ────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 13: Short RGBA buffer (should not crash) ──"
block:
let shortData = newSeq[uint8](4) # only one pixel claimed as 10x10
let outStr = renderImageRgba(shortData, 10, 10, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert outStr.len == 0, "short buffer should return empty (invalid input)"
echo " short buffer returned empty (safe): ", outStr.len, " chars (pass)"
# ── Test 14: Negative dimensions ──────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 14: Negative dimensions (should not crash) ──"
block:
let out1 = renderImageRgba(testPixels, -1, ph, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out1.len == 0
let out2 = renderImageRgba(testPixels, pw, -5, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out2.len == 0
echo " all negative-dim cases returned empty string (pass)"
# ── Test 15: Non-terminal environment ─────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 15: Non-terminal environment (no crash) ──"
block:
let fakeCaps = TerminalCapabilities(
columns: 0, rows: 0,
cell: CellSize(width: 10, height: 20),
protocols: {ptHalfBlock},
)
let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, fakeCaps, defaultOptions())
doAssert geo.columns >= 1, "geometry must have at least 1 column"
doAssert geo.sampleHeight >= 1, "geometry must have at least 1 sample row"
echo " fake caps (0x0): ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight,
" samples (pass)"
# ── Test 16: Empty raw bytes ──────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 16: Empty raw bytes (should not crash) ──"
block:
let outStr = renderImageRaw(newSeq[uint8](0), 100, 100, caps, defaultOptions())
echo " renderImageRaw returned ", outStr.len, " chars (no crash, pass)"
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# ADVANCED VISUAL TESTS — Gallery, columns, comparison grids
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# ── Pattern generators ────────────────────────────────────────
proc checkerboard(w, h, csize: int): seq[uint8] =
result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 4
let bright = if ((x div csize) + (y div csize)) mod 2 == 0: 220 else: 40
result[off + 0] = uint8(bright)
result[off + 1] = uint8(bright)
result[off + 2] = uint8(bright)
result[off + 3] = 255
proc rainbowBars(w, h: int): seq[uint8] =
result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 4
let band = float(x) / float(w) * 6.0
let iband = int(band)
let frac = band - float(iband)
var r, g, b: float
case iband
of 0: (r, g, b) = (1.0, frac, 0.0)
of 1: (r, g, b) = (1.0 - frac, 1.0, 0.0)
of 2: (r, g, b) = (0.0, 1.0, frac)
of 3: (r, g, b) = (0.0, 1.0 - frac, 1.0)
of 4: (r, g, b) = (frac, 0.0, 1.0)
else: (r, g, b) = (1.0, 0.0, 1.0 - frac)
let ymul = 0.6 + 0.4 * float(y) / float(h)
result[off + 0] = uint8(clamp(int(r * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
result[off + 1] = uint8(clamp(int(g * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
result[off + 2] = uint8(clamp(int(b * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
result[off + 3] = 255
proc targetCircle(w, h: int): seq[uint8] =
result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
let cx = float(w) / 2.0
let cy = float(h) / 2.0
let maxR = min(cx, cy)
for y in 0 ..< h:
for x in 0 ..< w:
let off = (y * w + x) * 4
let dx = float(x) - cx
let dy = float(y) - cy
let r = sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
let ring = int(r / (maxR / 5.0)) mod 2
if ring == 0:
result[off + 0] = 200; result[off + 1] = 50; result[off + 2] = 50
else:
result[off + 0] = 255; result[off + 1] = 255; result[off + 2] = 255
result[off + 3] = 255
echo "\n═══════════════════════════════════════════════"
echo " ADVANCED VISUAL TESTS"
echo "═══════════════════════════════════════════════"
let patternW = 64
let patternH = 48
let chk = checkerboard(patternW, patternH, 8)
let rnb = rainbowBars(patternW, patternH)
let tgt = targetCircle(patternW, patternH)
# ── Test 17: Gallery — three patterns side-by-side ────────────
echo "\n── Test 17: Gallery (three patterns, same width) ──"
block:
let colW = (caps.columns - 4) div 3
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.maxWidth = colW
opts.fit = fmWidth
let geo = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
# Side-by-side: render left, mid, right and concatenate each row
let outChk = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: chk),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
let outRnb = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: rnb),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
let outTgt = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: tgt),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
let linesChk = outChk.split('\n')
let linesRnb = outRnb.split('\n')
let linesTgt = outTgt.split('\n')
for i in 0 ..< min(min(linesChk.len, linesRnb.len), linesTgt.len):
stdout.write(linesChk[i])
stdout.write(" ")
stdout.write(linesRnb[i])
stdout.write(" ")
stdout.write(linesTgt[i])
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
echo " gallery: ", geo.columns, " cols each × ",
linesChk.len, " rows (3 across) (pass)"
# ── Test 18: Column layout — same pattern at 3 densities ──────
echo "\n── Test 18: Column layout (3 densities stacked) ──"
block:
let colW = caps.columns - 2
for density in [bdFull, bdHalf, bdQuarter]:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.density = density
opts.maxWidth = colW
opts.fit = fmWidth
let geo = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: rnb),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
echo " density=$1: $2 cols × $3 samples (pass)" % [
$density, $geo.columns, $geo.sampleHeight]
echo " column layout: 3 densities stacked (pass)"
# ── Test 19: Fit-mode comparison grid ─────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 19: Fit-mode comparison grid ──"
block:
let halfW = caps.columns div 2 - 1
for fit in [fmContain, fmWidth, fmOriginal, fmStretch]:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.fit = fit
opts.maxWidth = halfW
opts.density = bdQuarter
let geo = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
let outStr = renderQuarterBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: tgt),
opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight,
dither = true)
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
echo " $1: $2 px ($3 cols × $4 samples) (pass)" % [
$fit, $geo.pixelWidth & "x" & $geo.pixelHeight,
$geo.columns, $geo.sampleHeight]
echo " fit-mode grid: 4 fits stacked (pass)"
# ── Test 20: Checkerboard at ultra-wide vs tall ───────────────
echo "\n── Test 20: Extreme aspect ratios (wide vs tall) ──"
block:
var optsW = defaultOptions()
optsW.maxWidth = caps.columns - 2
optsW.fit = fmWidth
let geoW = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, optsW)
let outW = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: chk),
optsW.backgroundRgb, geoW.columns, geoW.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outW)
stdout.write("\n\n")
stdout.flushFile()
# Tall: swap dimensions (64x48 becomes 48x64 via the pattern? no — use a tall pattern)
let tallPixels = checkerboard(patternH, patternW, 6) # 48x64
var optsT = defaultOptions()
optsT.maxHeight = caps.rows - 4
optsT.fit = fmContain
let geoT = computeGeometry(patternH, patternW, caps, optsT)
let outT = renderHalfBlock(
ImageData(width: patternH, height: patternW, data: tallPixels),
optsT.backgroundRgb, geoT.columns, geoT.sampleHeight)
stdout.write(outT)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
echo " wide: ", geoW.columns, " cols × ", geoW.sampleHeight, " samples"
echo " tall: ", geoT.columns, " cols × ", geoT.sampleHeight, " samples (pass)"
# ── Test 21: Pipeline with all three patterns ─────────────────
echo "\n── Test 21: Pipeline gallery (renderImageRgba) ──"
block:
for (name, pix) in [("checkerboard", chk), ("rainbow", rnb), ("target", tgt)]:
let outStr = renderImageRgba(pix, patternW, patternH, caps, thumbnailOptions())
stdout.write(outStr)
stdout.write("\n")
stdout.flushFile()
echo " $1: $2 lines rendered (pass)" % [name, $(outStr.split('\n').len)]
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# WORST-CASE / CORRUPTION TESTS
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
echo "\n═══════════════════════════════════════════════"
echo " WORST-CASE / CORRUPTION TESTS"
echo "═══════════════════════════════════════════════"
# ── Test 22: Off-by-one data ──────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 22: Off-by-one data (should not crash) ──"
block:
# Exactly 1 byte short (data.len == w*h*4 - 1)
let shortBy1 = newSeq[uint8](pw * ph * 4 - 1)
let out1 = renderImageRgba(shortBy1, pw, ph, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out1.len == 0,
"1-byte-short buffer should return empty, got " & $out1.len & " chars"
# Exactly 1 byte extra (data.len == w*h*4 + 1)
let extra1 = newSeq[uint8](pw * ph * 4 + 1)
let out2 = renderImageRgba(extra1, pw, ph, caps, defaultOptions())
# Extra byte is harmless — we only read w*h*4 from front
doAssert out2.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
"1-byte-extra buffer should render normally (output len=" & $out2.len & ")"
echo " 1 byte short → empty (safe), 1 byte extra → renders (pass)"
# ── Test 23: Tiny images ──────────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 23: Tiny images (1x1, 10x1, 1x10) ──"
block:
# 1x1
let px1 = @[128'u8, 64, 192, 255]
let out1 = renderImageRgba(px1, 1, 1, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out1.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
"1x1 pixel should produce output, got " & $out1.len & " chars"
# 10x1 horizontal strip
var strip = newSeq[uint8](10 * 1 * 4)
for x in 0 ..< 10:
strip[(x) * 4 + 0] = uint8(x * 25)
strip[(x) * 4 + 1] = uint8(255 - x * 25)
strip[(x) * 4 + 2] = 128
strip[(x) * 4 + 3] = 255
let out2 = renderImageRgba(strip, 10, 1, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out2.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
"10x1 strip should produce output, got " & $out2.len & " chars"
# 1x10 vertical strip
var vstrip = newSeq[uint8](1 * 10 * 4)
for y in 0 ..< 10:
let off = y * 4
vstrip[off + 0] = 64
vstrip[off + 1] = uint8(y * 25)
vstrip[off + 2] = 192
vstrip[off + 3] = 255
let out3 = renderImageRgba(vstrip, 1, 10, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out3.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
"1x10 strip should produce output, got " & $out3.len & " chars"
echo " 1x1, 10x1, 1x10 all rendered (pass)"
# ── Test 24: Fully transparent image ──────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 24: Fully transparent image (alpha=0 everywhere) ──"
block:
var transparent = newSeq[uint8](16 * 16 * 4)
for y in 0 ..< 16:
for x in 0 ..< 16:
let off = (y * 16 + x) * 4
transparent[off + 0] = 255
transparent[off + 1] = 0
transparent[off + 2] = 0
transparent[off + 3] = 0 # fully transparent
let outStr = renderImageRgba(transparent, 16, 16, caps, defaultOptions())
# Transparency composited over white background should produce white-ish output
doAssert outStr.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
"transparent image should not crash, got " & $outStr.len & " chars"
echo " transparent 16x16 rendered (pass)"
# ── Test 25: Monochrome image ─────────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 25: Monochrome image (all same color) ──"
block:
var mono = newSeq[uint8](32 * 24 * 4)
for i in countup(0, mono.len - 1, 4):
mono[i + 0] = 100; mono[i + 1] = 150; mono[i + 2] = 200; mono[i + 3] = 255
let outStr = renderImageRgba(mono, 32, 24, caps, defaultOptions())
let lines = outStr.split('\n')
doAssert lines.len >= 1, "monochrome should produce lines, got " & $lines.len
echo " monochrome 32x24: ", lines.len, " lines (pass)"
# ── Test 26: Extreme opts values ──────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 26: Extreme opts (maxWidth=0, maxWidth=-1, maxHeight=0) ──"
block:
var opts0 = defaultOptions()
opts0.maxWidth = 0
let out1 = renderImageRgba(chk, patternW, patternH, caps, opts0)
doAssert out1.len >= 0, "maxWidth=0 should not crash"
var optsNeg = defaultOptions()
optsNeg.maxWidth = -1
let out2 = renderImageRgba(chk, patternW, patternH, caps, optsNeg)
doAssert out2.len >= 0, "maxWidth=-1 should not crash"
var optsH0 = defaultOptions()
optsH0.maxHeight = 0
let out3 = renderImageRgba(chk, patternW, patternH, caps, optsH0)
doAssert out3.len >= 0, "maxHeight=0 should not crash"
echo " all extreme opts returned safely (pass)"
# ── Test 27: Empty protocol set ───────────────────────────────
echo "\n── Test 27: Empty protocol set (selectProtocol) ──"
block:
let emptyCaps = TerminalCapabilities(
columns: 80, rows: 24,
cell: CellSize(width: 10, height: 20),
protocols: {}, # no protocols at all
)
let selected = selectProtocol(emptyCaps, ptHalfBlock)
doAssert selected == ptHalfBlock,
"selectProtocol should fall back to ptHalfBlock, got " & $selected
let selected2 = selectProtocol(emptyCaps, ptAuto)
doAssert selected2 == ptHalfBlock,
"selectProtocol(ptAuto) with empty set should fall back to ptHalfBlock, got " & $selected2
echo " empty protocols fall back to half-block (pass)"
# ── Test 28: 1-pixel-high / 1-pixel-wide aspect extremes ─────
echo "\n── Test 28: Extreme aspect (200x1 and 1x200) ──"
block:
var thinW = newSeq[uint8](200 * 1 * 4)
for x in 0 ..< 200:
thinW[x * 4 + 0] = uint8(x)
thinW[x * 4 + 1] = uint8(255 - x)
thinW[x * 4 + 2] = 128
thinW[x * 4 + 3] = 255
let out1 = renderImageRgba(thinW, 200, 1, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out1.len >= 0, "200x1 image should not crash"
var thinH = newSeq[uint8](1 * 200 * 4)
for y in 0 ..< 200:
thinH[y * 4 + 0] = 64
thinH[y * 4 + 1] = uint8(y)
thinH[y * 4 + 2] = 192
thinH[y * 4 + 3] = 255
let out2 = renderImageRgba(thinH, 1, 200, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out2.len >= 0, "1x200 image should not crash"
echo " 200x1 and 1x200 rendered without crash (pass)"
# ── Test 29: Zero background and high-dither stress ───────────
echo "\n── Test 29: Zero background + dither on black ──"
block:
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.backgroundRgb = (0'u8, 0'u8, 0'u8) # pure black bg
opts.dither = true
opts.density = bdQuarter
opts.fit = fmContain
let outStr = renderImageRgba(tgt, patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
doAssert outStr.len >= 0, "zero bg + dither should not crash"
echo " zero background + dither on target circles (pass)"
# ── Test 30: Random-stress renders (20 iterations) ────────────
echo "\n── Test 30: Random-stress (20 renders at random sizes / fit modes) ──"
block:
let sizes = [(1,1), (2,2), (3,5), (7,3), (10,10), (16,16),
(32,48), (64,64), (100,50), (50,100)]
let fits = [fmContain, fmStretch, fmWidth, fmOriginal, fmCellExact]
let densities = [bdFull, bdHalf, bdQuarter]
var rng = 42 # deterministic pseudo-random
proc nextRand(maxVal: int): int =
rng = (rng * 1103515245 + 12345) and 0x7fffffff
result = rng mod maxVal
for iter in 0 ..< 20:
let (sw, sh) = sizes[nextRand(sizes.len)]
var pixels = newSeq[uint8](sw * sh * 4)
for i in countup(0, pixels.len - 1, 4):
pixels[i + 0] = uint8(nextRand(256))
pixels[i + 1] = uint8(nextRand(256))
pixels[i + 2] = uint8(nextRand(256))
pixels[i + 3] = 255
var opts = defaultOptions()
opts.fit = fits[nextRand(fits.len)]
opts.density = densities[nextRand(densities.len)]
opts.maxWidth = 10 + nextRand(40)
opts.dither = nextRand(2) == 0
let outStr = renderImageRgba(pixels, sw, sh, caps, opts)
if outStr.len > 0:
discard
echo " 20 random renders completed without crash (pass)"
# ── Test 31: Tiny data + huge claimed dimensions ──────────────
echo "\n── Test 31: Tiny buffer claimed as huge image ──"
block:
let tiny = @[255'u8, 0, 0, 255] # 1 pixel, claim as 1000x1000
let out1 = renderImageRgba(tiny, 1000, 1000, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out1.len == 0,
"tiny buffer claimed as huge should return empty, got " & $out1.len & " chars"
let out2 = renderImageRgba(tiny, 999999, 999999, caps, defaultOptions())
doAssert out2.len == 0,
"tiny buffer claimed as absurdly huge should return empty, got " & $out2.len & " chars"
echo " tiny data + huge/silly dimensions → empty (pass)"
echo "\n=== All 31 tests passed ==="