feat: replace new keyword with this constructor syntax and ClassName.new() calls across core library and docs

Replace all uses of the `new` reserved word with explicit `this new()` constructor definitions and `ClassName.new()` instantiation calls in builtin/core.wren. Update all documentation files (classes.markdown, fiber.markdown, fn.markdown, sequence.markdown, error-handling.markdown, expressions.markdown, fibers.markdown, functions.markdown) to reflect the new constructor syntax, removing `new` keyword examples and replacing them with `ClassName.new()` patterns and `this new()` definitions.

test/language/assignment/local.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   var a = "before"
   IO.print(a) // expect: before
 

test/language/break/closure_in_for.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var f
 for (i in [1, 2, 3]) {
   var j = 4
-  f = new Fn { IO.print(i + j) }
+  f = Fn.new { IO.print(i + j) }
   break
 }
 

test/language/break/closure_in_while.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var f
 while (true) {
   var i = "i"
-  f = new Fn { IO.print(i) }
+  f = Fn.new { IO.print(i) }
   break
 }
 

test/language/break/in_function_in_loop.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 var done = false
 while (!done) {
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     break // expect error
   }
   done = true

test/language/class/lowercase_name_inside_body.wren

@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ class foo {
 }
 
 foo.callFoo // expect: static foo method
-(new foo).callFoo // expect: instance foo method
+foo.new().callFoo // expect: instance foo method

test/language/class/name_inside_body.wren

@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ class Foo {
 }
 
 Foo.sayName // expect: Foo!
-(new Foo).sayName // expect: Foo!
+Foo.new().sayName // expect: Foo!

test/language/class/new.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 class Foo {}
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(foo is Foo) // expect: true
 
 // TODO: Test precedence and grammar of what follows "new".

test/language/closure/assign_to_closure.wren

@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ var g = null
 
 {
   var local = "local"
-  f = new Fn {
+  f = Fn.new {
     IO.print(local)
     local = "after f"
     IO.print(local)
   }
 
-  g = new Fn {
+  g = Fn.new {
     IO.print(local)
     local = "after g"
     IO.print(local)

test/language/closure/close_over_function_parameter.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var f = null
 
-new Fn {|param|
-  f = new Fn {
+Fn.new {|param|
+  f = Fn.new {
     IO.print(param)
   }
 }.call("param")

test/language/closure/close_over_later_variable.wren

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 // would crash because it walked to the end of the upvalue list (correct), but
 // then didn't handle not finding the variable.
 
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   var a = "a"
   var b = "b"
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     IO.print(b) // expect: b
     IO.print(a) // expect: a
   }.call()

test/language/closure/close_over_method_parameter.wren

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ var F = null
 
 class Foo {
   method(param) {
-    F = new Fn {
+    F = Fn.new {
       IO.print(param)
     }
   }
 }
 
-(new Foo).method("param")
+Foo.new().method("param")
 F.call() // expect: param

test/language/closure/closed_closure_in_function.wren

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ var f = null
 
 {
   var local = "local"
-  f = new Fn {
+  f = Fn.new {
     IO.print(local)
   }
 }

test/language/closure/closed_closure_in_method.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// TODO: Is this right? Shouldn't it resolve to this.local?
 var foo = null
 
 {
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ var foo = null
     }
   }
 
-  foo = new Foo
+  foo = Foo.new()
 }
 
 foo.method // expect: local

test/language/closure/nested_closure.wren

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 var f = null
 
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   var a = "a"
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     var b = "b"
-    new Fn {
+    Fn.new {
       var c = "c"
-      f = new Fn {
+      f = Fn.new {
         IO.print(a)
         IO.print(b)
         IO.print(c)

test/language/closure/open_closure_in_function.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   var local = "local"
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     IO.print(local) // expect: local
   }.call()
 }

test/language/closure/open_closure_in_method.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// TODO: Is this right? Shouldn't it resolve to this.local?
 {
   var local = "local"
   class Foo {
@@ -6,5 +7,5 @@
     }
   }
 
-  (new Foo).method // expect: local
+  Foo.new().method // expect: local
 }

test/language/closure/reference_closure_multiple_times.wren

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ var f = null
 
 {
   var a = "a"
-  f = new Fn {
+  f = Fn.new {
     IO.print(a)
     IO.print(a)
   }

test/language/closure/reuse_closure_slot.wren

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   {
     var a = "a"
-    f = new Fn { IO.print(a) }
+    f = Fn.new { IO.print(a) }
   }
 
   {

test/language/closure/shadow_closure_with_local.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   var foo = "closure"
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     {
       IO.print(foo) // expect: closure
       var foo = "shadow"

test/language/conditional/precedence.wren

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ IO.print(true || false ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
 IO.print(!false ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
 IO.print(~0 ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
 IO.print(3 is Num ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
-IO.print(new Foo ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
+IO.print(Foo.new() ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
 
 var a = 0
 IO.print(a = 3 ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ IO.print(true ? 1 || false : 2) // expect: 1
 IO.print(true ? !true : 2) // expect: false
 IO.print(true ? ~0 : 2) // expect: 4294967295
 IO.print(true ? 3 is Bool : 2) // expect: false
-IO.print(true ? new Foo : 2) // expect: instance of Foo
+IO.print(true ? Foo.new() : 2) // expect: instance of Foo
 
 IO.print(true ? a = 5 : 2) // expect: 5
 IO.print(a) // expect: 5
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ IO.print(false ? 1 : 2 || false) // expect: 2
 IO.print(false ? 1 : !false) // expect: true
 IO.print(false ? 1 : ~0) // expect: 4294967295
 IO.print(false ? 1 : 3 is Num) // expect: true
-IO.print(false ? 1 : new Foo) // expect: instance of Foo
+IO.print(false ? 1 : Foo.new()) // expect: instance of Foo
 
 // Associativity.
 IO.print(true ? 2 : true ? 4 : 5) // expect: 2

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_infix.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this +(value) { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_minus.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this -(value) { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_setter.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this name=(value) { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_static.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Foo {
+  static this new() {} // expect error
+  this static new() {} // expect error
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_subscript.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this [value] { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_unary.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this ! { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_call_initializer.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class Foo {
+  this new() {
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}
+
+var foo = Foo.new() // expect: ok
+foo.new() // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'new()'.

test/language/constructor/default.wren

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Foo {
   toString { "Foo" }
 }
 
-// Classes inherit the argument-less "new" one by default.
-var foo = new Foo
+// Classes get an argument-less "new()" by default.
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(foo is Foo) // expect: true
 IO.print(foo.toString) // expect: Foo

test/language/constructor/default_calls_new.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class Foo {
+  this new() {
+    IO.print("Foo.new()")
+  }
+}
+
+class Bar is Foo {}
+
+Bar.new() // expect: Foo.new()

test/language/constructor/infix_class_expression.wren

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ class Foo {
   +(other) { "Foo " + other }
 }
 
-IO.print(new Foo + "value") // expect: Foo value
+IO.print(Foo.new() + "value") // expect: Foo value
 
 // TODO: Other expressions following a constructor, like new Foo.bar("arg").
+// TODO: Delete this test?
+// TODO: Other constructor tests, like named constructors, etc.

test/language/constructor/named.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// TODO: Change this.
+
+class Foo {
+  this named() { _field = "named" }
+  this other() { _field = "other" }
+
+  toString { _field }
+}
+
+IO.print(Foo.named()) // expect: named
+IO.print(Foo.other()) // expect: other
+
+// Returns the new instance.
+var foo = Foo.named()
+IO.print(foo is Foo) // expect: true
+IO.print(foo.toString) // expect: named

test/language/constructor/new.wren

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-class Foo {
-  new { IO.print("none") }
-  new() { IO.print("zero") }
-  new(a) { IO.print(a) }
-  new(a, b) { IO.print(a + b) }
-
-  toString { "Foo" }
-}
-
-// Can overload by arity.
-new Foo // expect: none
-new Foo() // expect: zero
-new Foo("one") // expect: one
-new Foo("one", "two") // expect: onetwo
-
-// Returns the new instance.
-var foo = new Foo // expect: none
-IO.print(foo is Foo) // expect: true
-IO.print(foo.toString) // expect: Foo

test/language/constructor/no_default.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class Foo {
+  this real() {}
+}
+
+// Classes do not get an argument-less "new()" if they define a constructor.
+var foo = Foo.new() // expect runtime error: Foo metaclass does not implement 'new()'.

test/language/constructor/no_parameter_list.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this new { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/not_inherited.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class Foo {
+  this base() {}
+}
+
+class Bar is Foo {}
+
+Bar.base() // expect runtime error: Bar metaclass does not implement 'base()'.

test/language/constructor/object.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Tests that Object implements new(). The only way to call that is through a
+// super() call in a subclass, so this does that.
+
+class Foo {
+  this new() {
+    super() // Should not cause a no method error.
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}
+
+Foo.new() // expect: ok
+
+// TODO: Test that can't invoke initializer on existing instance.

test/language/constructor/super_must_have_args.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class A {}
+
+class B is A {
+  this new() {
+    super // expect error
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/superclass.wren

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class A {
-  new(arg) {
+  this new(arg) {
     IO.print("new A ", arg)
     _field = arg
   }
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class A {
 }
 
 class B is A {
-  new(arg1, arg2) {
+  this new(arg1, arg2) {
     super(arg2)
     IO.print("new B ", arg1)
     _field = arg1
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class B is A {
 }
 
 class C is B {
-  new {
+  this new() {
     super("one", "two")
     IO.print("new C")
     _field = "c"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class C is B {
   cField { _field }
 }
 
-var c = new C
+var c = C.new()
 // expect: new A two
 // expect: new B one
 // expect: new C

test/language/fiber/closure.wren

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ var closure
 
 {
   var a = "before"
-  fiber = new Fiber {
+  fiber = Fiber.new {
     IO.print(a)
     Fiber.yield()
     a = "after"
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ var closure
     a = "final"
   }
 
-  closure = new Fn {
+  closure = Fn.new {
     IO.print(a)
   }
 }

test/language/field/closure.wren

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 class Foo {
-  new { _field = "Foo field" }
+  this new() { _field = "Foo field" }
 
   closeOverGet {
-    return new Fn { _field }
+    return Fn.new { _field }
   }
 
   closeOverSet {
-    return new Fn { _field = "new value" }
+    return Fn.new { _field = "new value" }
   }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(foo.closeOverGet.call()) // expect: Foo field
 foo.closeOverSet.call()
 IO.print(foo.closeOverGet.call()) // expect: new value

test/language/field/default_to_null.wren

@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ class Foo {
   write { IO.print(_field) }
 }
 
-(new Foo).write // expect: null
+Foo.new().write // expect: null

test/language/field/in_fn_in_static_method.wren

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Foo {
   static bar {
-    new Fn { _field = "wat" } // expect error
+    Fn.new { _field = "wat" } // expect error
   }
 }

test/language/field/multiple.wren

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 foo.set(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
 foo.write
 // expect: 1

test/language/field/nested_class.wren

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ class Outer {
       }
     }
 
-    (new Inner).method
+    Inner.new().method
     IO.print(_field) // expect: outer
   }
 }
 
-(new Outer).method
+Outer.new().method

test/language/field/object_reference.wren

@@ -1,36 +1,32 @@
 // This test exists mainly to make sure the GC traces instance fields.
 class Node {
-  set(left, value, right) {
+  this new(left, value, right) {
     _left = left
     _value = value
     _right = right
   }
 
-  write {
+  write() {
     if (_left is Node) {
-      _left.write
+      _left.write()
     }
 
     IO.print(_value)
 
     if (_right is Node) {
-      _right.write
+      _right.write()
     }
   }
 }
 
-var a = new Node
-a.set(null, "a", null)
-var b = new Node
-b.set(null, "b", null)
-var c = new Node
-c.set(a, "c", b)
+var a = Node.new(null, "a", null)
+var b = Node.new(null, "b", null)
+var c = Node.new(a, "c", b)
 a = null
 b = null
-var d = new Node
-d.set(c, "d", null)
+var d = Node.new(c, "d", null)
 c = null
-d.write
+d.write()
 // expect: a
 // expect: c
 // expect: b

test/language/field/use_before_set.wren

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class Foo {
   init { _field = "value" }  // ...before an assignment to it.
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 // But invoke them in the right order.
 foo.init
 foo.write // expect: value

test/language/for/close_over_loop_variable.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var list = []
 
 for (i in [1, 2, 3]) {
-  list.add(new Fn { IO.print(i) })
+  list.add(Fn.new { IO.print(i) })
 }
 
 for (f in list) f.call()

test/language/for/closure_in_body.wren

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ var list = []
 
 for (i in [1, 2, 3]) {
   var j = i + 1
-  list.add(new Fn { IO.print(j) })
+  list.add(Fn.new { IO.print(j) })
 }
 
 for (f in list) f.call()

test/language/for/only_evaluate_sequence_once.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var f = new Fn {
+var f = Fn.new {
   IO.print("evaluate sequence")
   return [1, 2, 3]
 }

test/language/for/return_closure.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-var f = new Fn {
+var f = Fn.new {
   for (i in [1, 2, 3]) {
-    return new Fn { IO.print(i) }
+    return Fn.new { IO.print(i) }
   }
 }
 

test/language/for/return_inside.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var f = new Fn {
+var f = Fn.new {
   for (i in [1, 2, 3]) {
     return i
   }

test/language/for/truth.wren

@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
 class Iter {
-  new(value) { _value = value }
+  this new(value) { _value = value }
   iterate(iterator) { _value }
   iteratorValue(iterator) { "value" }
 }
 
 // False and null are false.
-for (n in new Iter(false)) {
+for (n in Iter.new(false)) {
   IO.print("bad")
   break
 }
 
-for (n in new Iter(null)) {
+for (n in Iter.new(null)) {
   IO.print("bad")
   break
 }
 
 // Everything else is true.
-for (n in new Iter(true)) {
+for (n in Iter.new(true)) {
   IO.print("true") // expect: true
   break
 }
 
-for (n in new Iter(0)) {
+for (n in Iter.new(0)) {
   IO.print(0) // expect: 0
   break
 }
 
-for (n in new Iter("")) {
+for (n in Iter.new("")) {
   IO.print("string") // expect: string
   break
 }

test/language/function/empty_body.wren

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-var f = new Fn {}
+var f = Fn.new {}
 IO.print(f.call()) // expect: null

test/language/function/newline_body.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var f = new Fn {
+var f = Fn.new {
   // Hi.
 }
 IO.print(f.call()) // expect: null

test/language/function/no_newline_before_close.wren

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   IO.print("ok") } // expect error

test/language/function/no_parameters.wren

@@ -1 +1 @@
-new Fn {|| null } // expect error
+Fn.new {|| null } // expect error

test/language/function/parameters.wren

@@ -1,50 +1,50 @@
-var f0 = new Fn { 0 }
+var f0 = Fn.new { 0 }
 IO.print(f0.call()) // expect: 0
 
-var f1 = new Fn {|a| a }
+var f1 = Fn.new {|a| a }
 IO.print(f1.call(1)) // expect: 1
 
-var f2 = new Fn {|a, b| a + b }
+var f2 = Fn.new {|a, b| a + b }
 IO.print(f2.call(1, 2)) // expect: 3
 
-var f3 = new Fn {|a, b, c| a + b + c }
+var f3 = Fn.new {|a, b, c| a + b + c }
 IO.print(f3.call(1, 2, 3)) // expect: 6
 
-var f4 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d| a + b + c + d }
+var f4 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d| a + b + c + d }
 IO.print(f4.call(1, 2, 3, 4)) // expect: 10
 
-var f5 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e| a + b + c + d + e }
+var f5 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e| a + b + c + d + e }
 IO.print(f5.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) // expect: 15
 
-var f6 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f| a + b + c + d + e + f }
+var f6 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f| a + b + c + d + e + f }
 IO.print(f6.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)) // expect: 21
 
-var f7 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g| a + b + c + d + e + f + g }
+var f7 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g| a + b + c + d + e + f + g }
 IO.print(f7.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)) // expect: 28
 
-var f8 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h }
+var f8 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h }
 IO.print(f8.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)) // expect: 36
 
-var f9 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i }
+var f9 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i }
 IO.print(f9.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)) // expect: 45
 
-var f10 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j }
+var f10 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j }
 IO.print(f10.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)) // expect: 55
 
-var f11 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k }
+var f11 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k }
 IO.print(f11.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)) // expect: 66
 
-var f12 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l }
+var f12 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l }
 IO.print(f12.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)) // expect: 78
 
-var f13 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m }
+var f13 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m }
 IO.print(f13.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)) // expect: 91
 
-var f14 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m + n }
+var f14 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m + n }
 IO.print(f14.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)) // expect: 105
 
-var f15 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m + n + o }
+var f15 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m + n + o }
 IO.print(f15.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)) // expect: 120
 
-var f16 = new Fn {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m + n + o + p }
+var f16 = Fn.new {|a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p| a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m + n + o + p }
 IO.print(f16.call(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16)) // expect: 136

test/language/function/syntax.wren

@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 // Single expression body.
-new Fn { IO.print("ok") }.call() // expect: ok
+Fn.new { IO.print("ok") }.call() // expect: ok
 
 // Curly body.
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   IO.print("ok") // expect: ok
 }.call()
 
 // Multiple statements.
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   IO.print("1") // expect: 1
   IO.print("2") // expect: 2
 }.call()
 
 // Extra newlines.
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
 
 
   IO.print("1") // expect: 1

test/language/implicit_receiver/inherited_methods.wren

@@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ class Bar is Foo {
   }
 }
 
-(new Bar).test
+Bar.new().test

test/language/implicit_receiver/instance_methods.wren

@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-(new Foo).test
+Foo.new().test
 
 // TODO: Need to decide how these interact with globals.

test/language/implicit_receiver/locals_shadow_getter.wren

@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-(new Foo).test
+Foo.new().test

test/language/implicit_receiver/locals_shadow_setter.wren

@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-(new Foo).test
+Foo.new().test

test/language/implicit_receiver/nested_class.wren

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Outer {
       }
     }
 
-    (new Inner).test
+    Inner.new().test
 
     getter            // expect: outer getter
     setter = "value"  // expect: outer setter
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ class Outer {
   }
 }
 
-(new Outer).test
+Outer.new().test

test/language/inheritance/inherit_fields.wren

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class Bar is Foo {
   }
 }
 
-var bar = new Bar
+var bar = Bar.new()
 bar.foo("foo 1", "foo 2")
 bar.bar("bar 1", "bar 2")
 

test/language/inheritance/inherit_from_closure.wren

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ var ClosureType
 
 {
   var a = "a"
-  ClosureType = new Fn { IO.print(a) }.type
+  ClosureType = Fn.new { IO.print(a) }.type
 }
 
 class Subclass is ClosureType {} // expect runtime error: Subclass cannot inherit from Fn.

test/language/inheritance/inherit_methods.wren

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class Bar is Foo {
   override { IO.print("bar") }
 }
 
-var bar = new Bar
+var bar = Bar.new()
 bar.methodOnFoo // expect: foo
 bar.methodOnBar // expect: bar
 

test/language/inheritance/inherited_fields_in_closure.wren

@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 class Foo {
-  new { _field = "Foo field" }
+  this new() { _field = "Foo field" }
 
   closeOverFooGet {
-    return new Fn { new Fn { _field } }
+    return Fn.new { Fn.new { _field } }
   }
 
   closeOverFooSet {
-    return new Fn { new Fn { _field = "new foo value" } }
+    return Fn.new { Fn.new { _field = "new foo value" } }
   }
 }
 
 class Bar is Foo {
-  new {
-    super
+  this new() {
+    super()
     _field = "Bar field"
   }
 
   closeOverBarGet {
-    return new Fn { new Fn { _field } }
+    return Fn.new { Fn.new { _field } }
   }
 
   closeOverBarSet {
-    return new Fn { new Fn { _field = "new bar value" } }
+    return Fn.new { Fn.new { _field = "new bar value" } }
   }
 }
 
-var bar = new Bar
+var bar = Bar.new()
 IO.print(bar.closeOverFooGet.call().call()) // expect: Foo field
 IO.print(bar.closeOverBarGet.call().call()) // expect: Bar field
 bar.closeOverFooSet.call().call()

test/language/inheritance/is.wren

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 class A {}
 class B is A {}
 class C is B {}
-var a = new A
-var b = new B
-var c = new C
+var a = A.new()
+var b = B.new()
+var c = C.new()
 
 IO.print(a is A) // expect: true
 IO.print(a is B) // expect: false

test/language/is/is.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 IO.print(Num is Class) // expect: true
 IO.print(true is Bool) // expect: true
-IO.print(new Fn { 1 } is Fn) // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 1 } is Fn) // expect: true
 IO.print(123 is Num) // expect: true
 IO.print(null is Null) // expect: true
 IO.print("s" is String) // expect: true
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ IO.print("s" is String) // expect: true
 IO.print(Num is Bool) // expect: false
 IO.print(null is Class) // expect: false
 IO.print(true is Fn) // expect: false
-IO.print(new Fn { 1 } is Num) // expect: false
+IO.print(Fn.new { 1 } is Num) // expect: false
 IO.print("s" is Null) // expect: false
 IO.print(123 is String) // expect: false
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ IO.print(123 is String) // expect: false
 IO.print(Num is Object) // expect: true
 IO.print(null is Object) // expect: true
 IO.print(true is Object) // expect: true
-IO.print(new Fn { 1 } is Object) // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 1 } is Object) // expect: true
 IO.print("s" is Object) // expect: true
 IO.print(123 is Object) // expect: true
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ IO.print(123 is Object) // expect: true
 IO.print(Num is Class) // expect: true
 IO.print(null is Class) // expect: false
 IO.print(true is Class) // expect: false
-IO.print(new Fn { 1 } is Class) // expect: false
+IO.print(Fn.new { 1 } is Class) // expect: false
 IO.print("s" is Class) // expect: false
 IO.print(123 is Class) // expect: false
 

test/language/method/arity.wren

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Foo {
   method(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p) { a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m + n + o + p}
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(foo.method) // expect: getter
 IO.print(foo.method()) // expect: no args
 IO.print(foo.method(1)) // expect: 1

test/language/method/empty_block.wren

@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ class Foo {
   bar {}
 }
 
-IO.print((new Foo).bar) // expect: null
+IO.print(Foo.new().bar) // expect: null

test/language/method/long_name.wren

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-IO.print((new Foo).thisHasAMethodNameThatIsExactly64CharactersLongWhichIsTheMaximum) // expect: result
+IO.print(Foo.new().thisHasAMethodNameThatIsExactly64CharactersLongWhichIsTheMaximum) // expect: result

test/language/method/many_methods.wren

@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ class Foo {
   method999 { 1 }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 var result = 0
 result = result + foo.method000
 result = result + foo.method001

test/language/method/newlines.wren

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class Foo {
   [a, b] { "subscript " + a + " " + b }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 
 // Allow newlines after commas and before ")".
 IO.print(foo.method("a",

test/language/method/not_found.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Foo {}
 
-(new Foo).someUnknownMethod // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'someUnknownMethod'.
+Foo.new().someUnknownMethod // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'someUnknownMethod'.

test/language/method/not_found_eleven_arguments.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Foo {}
 
-(new Foo).someUnknownMethod(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'someUnknownMethod(_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_)'.
+Foo.new().someUnknownMethod(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'someUnknownMethod(_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_)'.

test/language/method/not_found_multiple_arguments.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Foo {}
 
-(new Foo).someUnknownMethod(1, 2) // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'someUnknownMethod(_,_)'.
+Foo.new().someUnknownMethod(1, 2) // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'someUnknownMethod(_,_)'.

test/language/method/not_found_one_argument.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Foo {}
 
-(new Foo).someUnknownMethod(1) // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'someUnknownMethod(_)'.
+Foo.new().someUnknownMethod(1) // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'someUnknownMethod(_)'.

test/language/method/operators.wren

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Foo {
   - { "prefix -" }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(foo + "a") // expect: infix + a
 IO.print(foo - "a") // expect: infix - a
 IO.print(foo * "a") // expect: infix * a

test/language/method/static.wren

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class Foo {
   static bar(arg) { "on metaclass " + arg }
 }
 
-IO.print((new Foo).bar)        // expect: on instance
+IO.print(Foo.new().bar)        // expect: on instance
 IO.print(Foo.bar)              // expect: on metaclass
-IO.print((new Foo).bar("arg")) // expect: on instance arg
+IO.print(Foo.new().bar("arg")) // expect: on instance arg
 IO.print(Foo.bar("arg"))       // expect: on metaclass arg

test/language/method/subscript_operators.wren

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class Foo {
   [a, b, c]=(value) { "3-subscript setter " + a + " " + b + " " + c + " = " + value }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(foo["a"]) // expect: 1-subscript a
 IO.print(foo["a", "b"]) // expect: 2-subscript a b
 IO.print(foo["a", "b", "c"]) // expect: 3-subscript a b c

test/language/new/new_on_nonclass.wren

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-var a = 123
-new a // expect runtime error: Must provide a class to 'new' to construct.

test/language/new/newline_after_new.wren

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-new // expect error
-Fn {}

test/language/nonlocal/assignment.wren

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class Foo {
 Foo.method
 IO.print(Nonlocal) // expect: method
 
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   Nonlocal = "fn"
 }.call()
 IO.print(Nonlocal) // expect: fn

test/language/nonlocal/mutual_recursion.wren

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 class Foo {
-  static bar { new Bar }
+  static bar { Bar.new() }
 }
 
 class Bar {
-  static foo { new Foo }
+  static foo { Foo.new() }
 }
 
 IO.print(Foo.bar) // expect: instance of Bar

test/language/nonlocal/undefined.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-var fn = new Fn {
+var fn = Fn.new {
   IO.print(Foo)
   IO.print(Bar)
 }
 
-// expect error line 7
-// expect error line 7
+// expect error line 6

test/language/nonlocal/use_in_function.wren

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 var Global = "global"
 
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   IO.print(Global) // expect: global
 }.call()

test/language/nonlocal/use_in_function_before_definition.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var f = new Fn {
+var f = Fn.new {
   IO.print(Global)
 }
 

test/language/nonlocal/use_in_method.wren

@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-(new Foo).method // expect: global
+Foo.new().method // expect: global
 Foo.classMethod // expect: global

test/language/nonlocal/use_in_method_before_definition.wren

@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ class Foo {
 
 var Global = "global"
 
-(new Foo).method // expect: global
+Foo.new().method // expect: global
 Foo.classMethod // expect: global

test/language/return/after_else.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-IO.print(new Fn {
+IO.print(Fn.new {
   if (false) "no" else return "ok"
 }.call()) // expect: ok

test/language/return/after_if.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-IO.print(new Fn {
+IO.print(Fn.new {
   if (true) return "ok"
 }.call()) // expect: ok

test/language/return/after_while.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-IO.print(new Fn {
+IO.print(Fn.new {
   while (true) return "ok"
 }.call()) // expect: ok

test/language/return/in_function.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var f = new Fn {
+var f = Fn.new {
   return "ok"
   IO.print("bad")
 }

test/language/return/in_method.wren

@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-IO.print((new Foo).method) // expect: ok
+IO.print(Foo.new().method) // expect: ok

test/language/return/return_null_if_newline.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var f = new Fn {
+var f = Fn.new {
   return
   IO.print("bad")
 }

test/language/setter/associativity.wren

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Foo {
-  new(value) { _value = value }
+  this new(value) { _value = value }
   toString { _value }
   bar=(value) {
     _value = value
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-var a = new Foo("a")
-var b = new Foo("b")
-var c = new Foo("c")
+var a = Foo.new("a")
+var b = Foo.new("b")
+var c = Foo.new("c")
 
 // Assignment is right-associative.
 a.bar = b.bar = c.bar = "d"

test/language/setter/grouping.wren

@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ class Foo {
   bar=(value) { value }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 (foo.bar) = "value" // expect error

test/language/setter/infix_operator.wren

@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ class Foo {
   bar=(value) { value }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 "a" + foo.bar = "value" // expect error

test/language/setter/instance.wren

@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ class Foo {
   }
 }
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 foo.bar = "value" // expect: value