feat: replace new keyword with this constructor syntax and ClassName.new() calls across core library and docs

Replace all uses of the `new` reserved word with explicit `this new()` constructor definitions and `ClassName.new()` instantiation calls in builtin/core.wren. Update all documentation files (classes.markdown, fiber.markdown, fn.markdown, sequence.markdown, error-handling.markdown, expressions.markdown, fibers.markdown, functions.markdown) to reflect the new constructor syntax, removing `new` keyword examples and replacing them with `ClassName.new()` patterns and `this new()` definitions.

test/benchmark/binary_trees.wren

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 // Ported from the Python version.
 
 class Tree {
-  new(item, depth) {
+  this new(item, depth) {
     _item = item
     if (depth > 0) {
       var item2 = item + item
       depth = depth - 1
-      _left = new Tree(item2 - 1, depth)
-      _right = new Tree(item2, depth)
+      _left = Tree.new(item2 - 1, depth)
+      _right = Tree.new(item2, depth)
     }
   }
 
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ var stretchDepth = maxDepth + 1
 var start = IO.clock
 
 IO.print("stretch tree of depth ", stretchDepth, " check: ",
-    new Tree(0, stretchDepth).check)
+    Tree.new(0, stretchDepth).check)
 
-var longLivedTree = new Tree(0, maxDepth)
+var longLivedTree = Tree.new(0, maxDepth)
 
 // iterations = 2 ** maxDepth
 var iterations = 1
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ var depth = minDepth
 while (depth < stretchDepth) {
   var check = 0
   for (i in 1..iterations) {
-    check = check + new Tree(i, depth).check + new Tree(-i, depth).check
+    check = check + Tree.new(i, depth).check + Tree.new(-i, depth).check
   }
 
   IO.print((iterations * 2), " trees of depth ", depth, " check: ", check)

test/benchmark/delta_blue.wren

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ var ORDERED = null
 // disrupting current constraints.  Strengths cannot be created outside
 // this class, so == can be used for value comparison.
 class Strength {
-  new(value, name) {
+  this new(value, name) {
     _value = value
     _name = name
   }
@@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ class Strength {
 }
 
 // Compile time computed constants.
-REQUIRED        = new Strength(0, "required")
-STRONG_REFERRED = new Strength(1, "strongPreferred")
-PREFERRED       = new Strength(2, "preferred")
-STRONG_DEFAULT  = new Strength(3, "strongDefault")
-NORMAL          = new Strength(4, "normal")
-WEAK_DEFAULT    = new Strength(5, "weakDefault")
-WEAKEST         = new Strength(6, "weakest")
+REQUIRED        = Strength.new(0, "required")
+STRONG_REFERRED = Strength.new(1, "strongPreferred")
+PREFERRED       = Strength.new(2, "preferred")
+STRONG_DEFAULT  = Strength.new(3, "strongDefault")
+NORMAL          = Strength.new(4, "normal")
+WEAK_DEFAULT    = Strength.new(5, "weakDefault")
+WEAKEST         = Strength.new(6, "weakest")
 
 ORDERED = [
   WEAKEST, WEAK_DEFAULT, NORMAL, STRONG_DEFAULT, PREFERRED, STRONG_REFERRED
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ ORDERED = [
 var ThePlanner
 
 class Constraint {
-  new(strength) {
+  this new(strength) {
     _strength = strength
   }
 
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class Constraint {
 
 // Abstract superclass for constraints having a single possible output variable.
 class UnaryConstraint is Constraint {
-  new(myOutput, strength) {
+  this new(myOutput, strength) {
     super(strength)
     _satisfied = false
     _myOutput = myOutput
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class UnaryConstraint is Constraint {
 // change their output during plan execution.  This is called "stay
 // optimization".
 class StayConstraint is UnaryConstraint {
-  new(variable, strength) {
+  this new(variable, strength) {
     super(variable, strength)
   }
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class StayConstraint is UnaryConstraint {
 // A unary input constraint used to mark a variable that the client
 // wishes to change.
 class EditConstraint is UnaryConstraint {
-  EditConstraint(variable, strength) {
+  this new(variable, strength) {
     super(variable, strength)
   }
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ var BACKWARD = 0
 // Abstract superclass for constraints having two possible output
 // variables.
 class BinaryConstraint is Constraint {
-  new(v1, v2, strength) {
+  this new(v1, v2, strength) {
     super(strength)
     _v1 = v1
     _v2 = v2
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ class BinaryConstraint is Constraint {
 // this relationship but the scale factor and offset are considered
 // read-only.
 class ScaleConstraint is BinaryConstraint {
-  new(src, scale, offset, dest, strength) {
+  this new(src, scale, offset, dest, strength) {
     _scale = scale
     _offset = offset
     super(src, dest, strength)
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ class ScaleConstraint is BinaryConstraint {
 
 // Constrains two variables to have the same value.
 class EqualityConstraint is BinaryConstraint {
-  new(v1, v2, strength) {
+  this new(v1, v2, strength) {
     super(v1, v2, strength)
   }
 
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ class EqualityConstraint is BinaryConstraint {
 // various parameters of interest to the DeltaBlue incremental
 // constraint solver.
 class Variable {
-  new(name, value) {
+  this new(name, value) {
     _constraints = []
     _determinedBy = null
     _mark = 0
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class Variable {
 // to resatisfy all currently satisfiable constraints in the face of
 // one or more changing inputs.
 class Plan {
-  new {
+  this new() {
     _list = []
   }
 
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ class Plan {
 }
 
 class Planner {
-  new {
+  this new() {
     _currentMark = 0
   }
 
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ class Planner {
   // Assume: [sources] are all satisfied.
   makePlan(sources) {
     var mark = newMark
-    var plan = new Plan
+    var plan = Plan.new()
     var todo = sources
     while (todo.count > 0) {
       var constraint = todo.removeAt(-1)
@@ -622,23 +622,23 @@ var total = 0
 // constraint so it cannot be accomodated. The cost in this case is,
 // of course, very low. Typical situations lie somewhere between these
 // two extremes.
-var chainTest = new Fn {|n|
-  ThePlanner = new Planner
+var chainTest = Fn.new {|n|
+  ThePlanner = Planner.new()
   var prev = null
   var first = null
   var last = null
 
   // Build chain of n equality constraints.
   for (i in 0..n) {
-    var v = new Variable("v", 0)
-    if (prev != null) new EqualityConstraint(prev, v, REQUIRED)
+    var v = Variable.new("v", 0)
+    if (prev != null) EqualityConstraint.new(prev, v, REQUIRED)
     if (i == 0) first = v
     if (i == n) last = v
     prev = v
   }
 
-  new StayConstraint(last, STRONG_DEFAULT)
-  var edit = new EditConstraint(first, PREFERRED)
+  StayConstraint.new(last, STRONG_DEFAULT)
+  var edit = EditConstraint.new(first, PREFERRED)
   var plan = ThePlanner.extractPlanFromConstraints([edit])
   for (i in 0...100) {
     first.value = i
@@ -647,8 +647,8 @@ var chainTest = new Fn {|n|
   }
 }
 
-var change = new Fn {|v, newValue|
-  var edit = new EditConstraint(v, PREFERRED)
+var change = Fn.new {|v, newValue|
+  var edit = EditConstraint.new(v, PREFERRED)
   var plan = ThePlanner.extractPlanFromConstraints([edit])
   for (i in 0...10) {
     v.value = newValue
@@ -662,20 +662,20 @@ var change = new Fn {|v, newValue|
 // other by a simple linear transformation (scale and offset). The
 // time is measured to change a variable on either side of the
 // mapping and to change the scale and offset factors.
-var projectionTest = new Fn {|n|
-  ThePlanner = new Planner
-  var scale = new Variable("scale", 10)
-  var offset = new Variable("offset", 1000)
+var projectionTest = Fn.new {|n|
+  ThePlanner = Planner.new()
+  var scale = Variable.new("scale", 10)
+  var offset = Variable.new("offset", 1000)
   var src = null
   var dst = null
 
   var dests = []
   for (i in 0...n) {
-    src = new Variable("src", i)
-    dst = new Variable("dst", i)
+    src = Variable.new("src", i)
+    dst = Variable.new("dst", i)
     dests.add(dst)
-    new StayConstraint(src, NORMAL)
-    new ScaleConstraint(src, scale, offset, dst, REQUIRED)
+    StayConstraint.new(src, NORMAL)
+    ScaleConstraint.new(src, scale, offset, dst, REQUIRED)
   }
 
   change.call(src, 17)

test/benchmark/fibers.wren

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ var sum = 0
 var start = IO.clock
 
 for (i in 0...100000) {
-  fibers.add(new Fiber {
+  fibers.add(Fiber.new {
     sum = sum + i
     if (i < 99999) fibers[i + 1].call()
   })

test/benchmark/method_call.wren

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Toggle {
-  new(startState) {
+  this new(startState) {
     _state = startState
   }
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class Toggle {
 }
 
 class NthToggle is Toggle {
-  new(startState, maxCounter) {
+  this new(startState, maxCounter) {
     super(startState)
     _countMax = maxCounter
     _count = 0
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class NthToggle is Toggle {
 var start = IO.clock
 var n = 100000
 var val = true
-var toggle = new Toggle(val)
+var toggle = Toggle.new(val)
 
 for (i in 0...n) {
   val = toggle.activate.value
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ for (i in 0...n) {
 IO.print(toggle.value)
 
 val = true
-var ntoggle = new NthToggle(val, 3)
+var ntoggle = NthToggle.new(val, 3)
 
 for (i in 0...n) {
   val = ntoggle.activate.value

test/core/fiber/abort.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   Fiber.abort("Error message.")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call_direct_reenter.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 var fiber
 
-fiber = new Fiber {
+fiber = Fiber.new {
   fiber.call() // expect runtime error: Fiber has already been called.
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call_indirect_reenter.wren

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 var a
 var b
 
-a = new Fiber {
+a = Fiber.new {
   b.call() // expect runtime error: Fiber has already been called.
 }
 
-b = new Fiber {
+b = Fiber.new {
   a.call()
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call_return_implicit_null.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call_return_value.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber")
   return "result"
 }

test/core/fiber/call_when_done.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("call")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call_with_value.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call_with_value_direct_reenter.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 var fiber
 
-fiber = new Fiber {
+fiber = Fiber.new {
   fiber.call(2) // expect runtime error: Fiber has already been called.
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call_with_value_indirect_reenter.wren

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 var a
 var b
 
-a = new Fiber {
+a = Fiber.new {
   b.call(3) // expect runtime error: Fiber has already been called.
 }
 
-b = new Fiber {
+b = Fiber.new {
   a.call(2)
 }
 

test/core/fiber/call_with_value_when_done.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("call")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/error.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   "s".unknown
 }
 

test/core/fiber/is_done.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("1")
   Fiber.yield()
   IO.print("2")

test/core/fiber/is_done_after_error.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   "s".unknown
 }
 

test/core/fiber/new_wrong_arg_type.wren

@@ -1 +1 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber("not fn") // expect runtime error: Argument must be a function.
+var fiber = Fiber.new("not fn") // expect runtime error: Argument must be a function.

test/core/fiber/resume_caller.wren

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-var b = new Fiber {
+var b = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber b")
 }
 
-var a = new Fiber {
+var a = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("begin fiber a")
   b.call()
   IO.print("end fiber a")

test/core/fiber/run.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/run_direct_reenter.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 var fiber
 
-fiber = new Fiber {
+fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print(1) // expect: 1
   fiber.run()
   IO.print(2) // expect: 2

test/core/fiber/run_indirect_reenter.wren

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 var a
 var b
 
-a = new Fiber {
+a = Fiber.new {
   IO.print(2)
   b.run()
   IO.print("nope")
 }
 
-b = new Fiber {
+b = Fiber.new {
   IO.print(1)
   a.run()
   IO.print(3)

test/core/fiber/run_when_done.wren

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-var a = new Fiber {
+var a = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("run")
 }
 
 // Run a through an intermediate fiber since it will get discarded and we need
 // to return to the main one after a completes.
-var b = new Fiber {
+var b = Fiber.new {
   a.run()
   IO.print("nope")
 }

test/core/fiber/run_with_value.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/run_with_value_direct_reenter.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 var fiber
 
-fiber = new Fiber {
+fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print(1) // expect: 1
   fiber.run("ignored")
   IO.print(2) // expect: 2

test/core/fiber/run_with_value_indirect_reenter.wren

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 var a
 var b
 
-a = new Fiber {
+a = Fiber.new {
   IO.print(2)
   b.run("ignored")
   IO.print("nope")
 }
 
-b = new Fiber {
+b = Fiber.new {
   IO.print(1)
   a.run("ignored")
   IO.print(3)

test/core/fiber/try.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("before")
   true.unknownMethod
   IO.print("after")

test/core/fiber/try_direct_reenter.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 var fiber
 
-fiber = new Fiber {
+fiber = Fiber.new {
   fiber.try() // expect runtime error: Fiber has already been called.
 }
 

test/core/fiber/try_indirect_reenter.wren

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 var a
 var b
 
-a = new Fiber {
+a = Fiber.new {
   b.try() // expect runtime error: Fiber has already been called.
 }
 
-b = new Fiber {
+b = Fiber.new {
   a.call()
 }
 

test/core/fiber/try_when_done.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("try")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/try_without_error.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber")
 }
 

test/core/fiber/type.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {}
+var fiber = Fiber.new {}
 IO.print(fiber is Fiber)      // expect: true
 IO.print(fiber is Object)     // expect: true
 IO.print(fiber is Bool)       // expect: false

test/core/fiber/yield.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber 1")
   Fiber.yield()
   IO.print("fiber 2")

test/core/fiber/yield_return_call_value.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber 1")
   var result = Fiber.yield()
   IO.print(result)

test/core/fiber/yield_return_run_value.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber")
   var result = Fiber.yield()
   IO.print(result)

test/core/fiber/yield_with_no_caller.wren

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-var a = new Fiber {
+var a = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("before") // expect: before
   Fiber.yield()
 }
 
 // Run a chain of fibers. Since none of them are called, they all get discarded
 // and there is no remaining caller.
-var b = new Fiber { a.run() }
-var c = new Fiber { b.run() }
+var b = Fiber.new { a.run() }
+var c = Fiber.new { b.run() }
 c.run()
 IO.print("not reached")

test/core/fiber/yield_with_value.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {
+var fiber = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("fiber 1")
   Fiber.yield("yield 1")
   IO.print("fiber 2")

test/core/fiber/yield_with_value_with_no_caller.wren

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-var a = new Fiber {
+var a = Fiber.new {
   IO.print("before") // expect: before
   Fiber.yield(1)
 }
 
 // Run a chain of fibers. Since none of them are called, they all get discarded
 // and there is no remaining caller.
-var b = new Fiber { a.run() }
-var c = new Fiber { b.run() }
+var b = Fiber.new { a.run() }
+var c = Fiber.new { b.run() }
 c.run()
 IO.print("not reached")

test/core/function/arity.wren

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-IO.print(new Fn {}.arity) // expect: 0
-IO.print(new Fn {|a| a}.arity) // expect: 1
-IO.print(new Fn {|a, b| a}.arity) // expect: 2
-IO.print(new Fn {|a, b, c| a}.arity) // expect: 3
-IO.print(new Fn {|a, b, c, d| a}.arity) // expect: 4
+IO.print(Fn.new {}.arity) // expect: 0
+IO.print(Fn.new {|a| a}.arity) // expect: 1
+IO.print(Fn.new {|a, b| a}.arity) // expect: 2
+IO.print(Fn.new {|a, b, c| a}.arity) // expect: 3
+IO.print(Fn.new {|a, b, c, d| a}.arity) // expect: 4

test/core/function/call_extra_arguments.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-var f0 = new Fn { IO.print("zero") }
-var f1 = new Fn {|a| IO.print("one ", a) }
-var f2 = new Fn {|a, b| IO.print("two ", a, " ", b) }
-var f3 = new Fn {|a, b, c| IO.print("three ", a, " ", b, " ", c) }
+var f0 = Fn.new { IO.print("zero") }
+var f1 = Fn.new {|a| IO.print("one ", a) }
+var f2 = Fn.new {|a, b| IO.print("two ", a, " ", b) }
+var f3 = Fn.new {|a, b, c| IO.print("three ", a, " ", b, " ", c) }
 
 f0.call("a") // expect: zero
 f0.call("a", "b") // expect: zero

test/core/function/call_missing_arguments.wren

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-var f2 = new Fn {|a, b| IO.print(a, b) }
+var f2 = Fn.new {|a, b| IO.print(a, b) }
 f2.call("a") // expect runtime error: Function expects more arguments.

test/core/function/equality.wren

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 // Not structurally equal.
-IO.print(new Fn { 123 } == new Fn { 123 })  // expect: false
-IO.print(new Fn { 123 } != new Fn { 123 })  // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 123 } == Fn.new { 123 })  // expect: false
+IO.print(Fn.new { 123 } != Fn.new { 123 })  // expect: true
 
 // Not equal to other types.
-IO.print(new Fn { 123 } == 1)         // expect: false
-IO.print(new Fn { 123 } == false)     // expect: false
-IO.print(new Fn { 123 } == "fn 123")  // expect: false
-IO.print(new Fn { 123 } != 1)         // expect: true
-IO.print(new Fn { 123 } != false)     // expect: true
-IO.print(new Fn { 123 } != "fn 123")  // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 123 } == 1)         // expect: false
+IO.print(Fn.new { 123 } == false)     // expect: false
+IO.print(Fn.new { 123 } == "fn 123")  // expect: false
+IO.print(Fn.new { 123 } != 1)         // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 123 } != false)     // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 123 } != "fn 123")  // expect: true
 
 // Equal by identity.
-var f = new Fn { 123 }
+var f = Fn.new { 123 }
 IO.print(f == f) // expect: true
 IO.print(f != f) // expect: false

test/core/function/new_wrong_arg_type.wren

@@ -1 +1 @@
-new Fn(3) // expect runtime error: Argument must be a function.
+Fn.new(3) // expect runtime error: Argument must be a function.

test/core/function/to_string.wren

@@ -1 +1 @@
-IO.print(new Fn {}) // expect: <fn>
+IO.print(Fn.new {}) // expect: <fn>

test/core/function/type.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-IO.print(new Fn { 0 } is Fn)      // expect: true
-IO.print(new Fn { 0 } is Object)  // expect: true
-IO.print(new Fn { 0 } is String)  // expect: false
-IO.print(new Fn { 0 }.type == Fn) // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 0 } is Fn)      // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 0 } is Object)  // expect: true
+IO.print(Fn.new { 0 } is String)  // expect: false
+IO.print(Fn.new { 0 }.type == Fn) // expect: true

test/core/list/join.wren

@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ class Foo {
   toString { "Foo.toString" }
 }
 
-IO.print([1, new Foo, 2].join(", ")) // expect: 1, Foo.toString, 2
+IO.print([1, Foo.new(), 2].join(", ")) // expect: 1, Foo.toString, 2
 
 // TODO: Handle lists that contain themselves.

test/core/list/new.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var list = new List
+var list = List.new()
 
 IO.print(list.count) // expect: 0
 IO.print(list) // expect: []

test/core/list/reduce.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var a = [1, 4, 2, 1, 5]
 var b = ["W", "o", "r", "l", "d"]
-var max = new Fn {|a, b| a > b ? a : b }
-var sum = new Fn {|a, b| a + b }
+var max = Fn.new {|a, b| a > b ? a : b }
+var sum = Fn.new {|a, b| a + b }
 
 IO.print(a.reduce(max)) // expect: 5
 IO.print(a.reduce(10, max)) // expect: 10

test/core/list/to_string.wren

@@ -12,6 +12,6 @@ class Foo {
   toString { "Foo.toString" }
 }
 
-IO.print([1, new Foo, 2]) // expect: [1, Foo.toString, 2]
+IO.print([1, Foo.new(), 2]) // expect: [1, Foo.toString, 2]
 
 // TODO: Handle lists that contain themselves.

test/core/map/key_types.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var fiber = new Fiber {}
+var fiber = Fiber.new {}
 
 var map = {
   null: "null value",

test/core/map/new.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var map = new Map
+var map = Map.new()
 
 IO.print(map.count) // expect: 0
 IO.print(map) // expect: {}

test/core/map/to_string.wren

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class Foo {
   toString { "Foo.toString" }
 }
 
-IO.print({1: new Foo}) // expect: {1: Foo.toString}
+IO.print({1: Foo.new()}) // expect: {1: Foo.toString}
 
 // Since iteration order is unspecified, we don't know what order the results
 // will be.

test/core/object/not.wren

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 class Foo {}
-IO.print(!(new Foo)) // expect: false
+IO.print(!Foo.new()) // expect: false

test/core/object/same.wren

@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ IO.print(Object.same(Bool, Bool)) // expect: true
 // Other types compare by identity.
 class Foo {}
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(Object.same(foo, foo)) // expect: true
-IO.print(Object.same(foo, new Foo)) // expect: false
+IO.print(Object.same(foo, Foo.new())) // expect: false
 
 // Ignores == operators.
 class Bar {
   ==(other) { true }
 }
 
-var bar = new Bar
+var bar = Bar.new()
 IO.print(Object.same(bar, bar)) // expect: true
-IO.print(Object.same(bar, new Bar)) // expect: false
+IO.print(Object.same(bar, Bar.new())) // expect: false

test/core/object/to_string.wren

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 class Foo {}
-IO.print((new Foo).toString == "instance of Foo") // expect: true
+IO.print(Foo.new().toString == "instance of Foo") // expect: true

test/core/sequence/count.wren

@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ class TestSequence is Sequence {
   iteratorValue(iterator) { iterator }
 }
 
-IO.print((new TestSequence).count) // expect: 10
+IO.print(TestSequence.new().count) // expect: 10

test/core/sequence/is_empty.wren

@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ class InfiniteSequence is Sequence {
 }
 
 // Should not try to iterate the whole sequence.
-IO.print((new InfiniteSequence).isEmpty) // expect: false
+IO.print(InfiniteSequence.new().isEmpty) // expect: false

test/core/sequence/map.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Infinite iterator demonstrating that Sequence.map is not eager
 class FibIterator {
-  new {
+  this new() {
     _current = 0
     _next = 1
   }
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class FibIterator {
 
 class Fib is Sequence {
   iterate(iterator) {
-    if (iterator == null) return new FibIterator
+    if (iterator == null) return FibIterator.new()
     iterator.iterate
     return iterator
   }
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class Fib is Sequence {
   iteratorValue(iterator) { iterator.value }
 }
 
-var squareFib = (new Fib).map {|fib| fib * fib }
+var squareFib = Fib.new().map {|fib| fib * fib }
 var iterator = null
 
 IO.print(squareFib is Sequence) // expect: true

test/core/sequence/to_list.wren

@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ class TestSequence is Sequence {
   iteratorValue(iterator) { iterator }
 }
 
-IO.print((new TestSequence).toList) // expect: [1, 2, 3]
+IO.print(TestSequence.new().toList) // expect: [1, 2, 3]

test/core/sequence/where.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Infinite iterator demonstrating that Sequence.where is not eager
 class FibIterator {
-  new {
+  this new() {
     _current = 0
     _next = 1
   }
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class FibIterator {
 
 class Fib is Sequence {
   iterate(iterator) {
-    if (iterator == null) return new FibIterator
+    if (iterator == null) return FibIterator.new()
     iterator.iterate
     return iterator
   }
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class Fib is Sequence {
   iteratorValue(iterator) { iterator.value }
 }
 
-var largeFibs = (new Fib).where {|fib| fib > 100 }
+var largeFibs = Fib.new().where {|fib| fib > 100 }
 var iterator = null
 
 IO.print(largeFibs is Sequence) // expect: true

test/io/print.wren

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class Foo {
 }
 
 // Calls toString on argument.
-IO.print(new Foo) // expect: Foo.toString
+IO.print(Foo.new()) // expect: Foo.toString
 
 // With one argument, returns the argument.
 IO.print(IO.print(1) == 1) // expect: 1

test/io/print_bad_to_string.wren

@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ class BadToString {
   toString { 3 }
 }
 
-IO.print(new BadToString) // expect: [invalid toString]
+IO.print(BadToString.new()) // expect: [invalid toString]

test/io/write_bad_to_string.wren

@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ class BadToString {
   toString { 3 }
 }
 
-IO.write(new BadToString) // expect: [invalid toString]
+IO.write(BadToString.new()) // expect: [invalid toString]
 IO.print

test/language/assignment/local.wren

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   var a = "before"
   IO.print(a) // expect: before
 

test/language/break/closure_in_for.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var f
 for (i in [1, 2, 3]) {
   var j = 4
-  f = new Fn { IO.print(i + j) }
+  f = Fn.new { IO.print(i + j) }
   break
 }
 

test/language/break/closure_in_while.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var f
 while (true) {
   var i = "i"
-  f = new Fn { IO.print(i) }
+  f = Fn.new { IO.print(i) }
   break
 }
 

test/language/break/in_function_in_loop.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 var done = false
 while (!done) {
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     break // expect error
   }
   done = true

test/language/class/lowercase_name_inside_body.wren

@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ class foo {
 }
 
 foo.callFoo // expect: static foo method
-(new foo).callFoo // expect: instance foo method
+foo.new().callFoo // expect: instance foo method

test/language/class/name_inside_body.wren

@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ class Foo {
 }
 
 Foo.sayName // expect: Foo!
-(new Foo).sayName // expect: Foo!
+Foo.new().sayName // expect: Foo!

test/language/class/new.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 class Foo {}
 
-var foo = new Foo
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(foo is Foo) // expect: true
 
 // TODO: Test precedence and grammar of what follows "new".

test/language/closure/assign_to_closure.wren

@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ var g = null
 
 {
   var local = "local"
-  f = new Fn {
+  f = Fn.new {
     IO.print(local)
     local = "after f"
     IO.print(local)
   }
 
-  g = new Fn {
+  g = Fn.new {
     IO.print(local)
     local = "after g"
     IO.print(local)

test/language/closure/close_over_function_parameter.wren

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var f = null
 
-new Fn {|param|
-  f = new Fn {
+Fn.new {|param|
+  f = Fn.new {
     IO.print(param)
   }
 }.call("param")

test/language/closure/close_over_later_variable.wren

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 // would crash because it walked to the end of the upvalue list (correct), but
 // then didn't handle not finding the variable.
 
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   var a = "a"
   var b = "b"
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     IO.print(b) // expect: b
     IO.print(a) // expect: a
   }.call()

test/language/closure/close_over_method_parameter.wren

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ var F = null
 
 class Foo {
   method(param) {
-    F = new Fn {
+    F = Fn.new {
       IO.print(param)
     }
   }
 }
 
-(new Foo).method("param")
+Foo.new().method("param")
 F.call() // expect: param

test/language/closure/closed_closure_in_function.wren

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ var f = null
 
 {
   var local = "local"
-  f = new Fn {
+  f = Fn.new {
     IO.print(local)
   }
 }

test/language/closure/closed_closure_in_method.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// TODO: Is this right? Shouldn't it resolve to this.local?
 var foo = null
 
 {
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ var foo = null
     }
   }
 
-  foo = new Foo
+  foo = Foo.new()
 }
 
 foo.method // expect: local

test/language/closure/nested_closure.wren

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 var f = null
 
-new Fn {
+Fn.new {
   var a = "a"
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     var b = "b"
-    new Fn {
+    Fn.new {
       var c = "c"
-      f = new Fn {
+      f = Fn.new {
         IO.print(a)
         IO.print(b)
         IO.print(c)

test/language/closure/open_closure_in_function.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   var local = "local"
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     IO.print(local) // expect: local
   }.call()
 }

test/language/closure/open_closure_in_method.wren

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// TODO: Is this right? Shouldn't it resolve to this.local?
 {
   var local = "local"
   class Foo {
@@ -6,5 +7,5 @@
     }
   }
 
-  (new Foo).method // expect: local
+  Foo.new().method // expect: local
 }

test/language/closure/reference_closure_multiple_times.wren

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ var f = null
 
 {
   var a = "a"
-  f = new Fn {
+  f = Fn.new {
     IO.print(a)
     IO.print(a)
   }

test/language/closure/reuse_closure_slot.wren

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   {
     var a = "a"
-    f = new Fn { IO.print(a) }
+    f = Fn.new { IO.print(a) }
   }
 
   {

test/language/closure/shadow_closure_with_local.wren

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   var foo = "closure"
-  new Fn {
+  Fn.new {
     {
       IO.print(foo) // expect: closure
       var foo = "shadow"

test/language/conditional/precedence.wren

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ IO.print(true || false ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
 IO.print(!false ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
 IO.print(~0 ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
 IO.print(3 is Num ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
-IO.print(new Foo ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
+IO.print(Foo.new() ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
 
 var a = 0
 IO.print(a = 3 ? 1 : 2) // expect: 1
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ IO.print(true ? 1 || false : 2) // expect: 1
 IO.print(true ? !true : 2) // expect: false
 IO.print(true ? ~0 : 2) // expect: 4294967295
 IO.print(true ? 3 is Bool : 2) // expect: false
-IO.print(true ? new Foo : 2) // expect: instance of Foo
+IO.print(true ? Foo.new() : 2) // expect: instance of Foo
 
 IO.print(true ? a = 5 : 2) // expect: 5
 IO.print(a) // expect: 5
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ IO.print(false ? 1 : 2 || false) // expect: 2
 IO.print(false ? 1 : !false) // expect: true
 IO.print(false ? 1 : ~0) // expect: 4294967295
 IO.print(false ? 1 : 3 is Num) // expect: true
-IO.print(false ? 1 : new Foo) // expect: instance of Foo
+IO.print(false ? 1 : Foo.new()) // expect: instance of Foo
 
 // Associativity.
 IO.print(true ? 2 : true ? 4 : 5) // expect: 2

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_infix.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this +(value) { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_minus.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this -(value) { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_setter.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this name=(value) { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_static.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Foo {
+  static this new() {} // expect error
+  this static new() {} // expect error
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_subscript.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this [value] { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_be_unary.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this ! { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/cannot_call_initializer.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class Foo {
+  this new() {
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}
+
+var foo = Foo.new() // expect: ok
+foo.new() // expect runtime error: Foo does not implement 'new()'.

test/language/constructor/default.wren

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Foo {
   toString { "Foo" }
 }
 
-// Classes inherit the argument-less "new" one by default.
-var foo = new Foo
+// Classes get an argument-less "new()" by default.
+var foo = Foo.new()
 IO.print(foo is Foo) // expect: true
 IO.print(foo.toString) // expect: Foo

test/language/constructor/default_calls_new.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class Foo {
+  this new() {
+    IO.print("Foo.new()")
+  }
+}
+
+class Bar is Foo {}
+
+Bar.new() // expect: Foo.new()

test/language/constructor/infix_class_expression.wren

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ class Foo {
   +(other) { "Foo " + other }
 }
 
-IO.print(new Foo + "value") // expect: Foo value
+IO.print(Foo.new() + "value") // expect: Foo value
 
 // TODO: Other expressions following a constructor, like new Foo.bar("arg").
+// TODO: Delete this test?
+// TODO: Other constructor tests, like named constructors, etc.

test/language/constructor/named.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// TODO: Change this.
+
+class Foo {
+  this named() { _field = "named" }
+  this other() { _field = "other" }
+
+  toString { _field }
+}
+
+IO.print(Foo.named()) // expect: named
+IO.print(Foo.other()) // expect: other
+
+// Returns the new instance.
+var foo = Foo.named()
+IO.print(foo is Foo) // expect: true
+IO.print(foo.toString) // expect: named

test/language/constructor/new.wren

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-class Foo {
-  new { IO.print("none") }
-  new() { IO.print("zero") }
-  new(a) { IO.print(a) }
-  new(a, b) { IO.print(a + b) }
-
-  toString { "Foo" }
-}
-
-// Can overload by arity.
-new Foo // expect: none
-new Foo() // expect: zero
-new Foo("one") // expect: one
-new Foo("one", "two") // expect: onetwo
-
-// Returns the new instance.
-var foo = new Foo // expect: none
-IO.print(foo is Foo) // expect: true
-IO.print(foo.toString) // expect: Foo

test/language/constructor/no_default.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class Foo {
+  this real() {}
+}
+
+// Classes do not get an argument-less "new()" if they define a constructor.
+var foo = Foo.new() // expect runtime error: Foo metaclass does not implement 'new()'.

test/language/constructor/no_parameter_list.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Foo {
+  this new { // expect error
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}

test/language/constructor/not_inherited.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class Foo {
+  this base() {}
+}
+
+class Bar is Foo {}
+
+Bar.base() // expect runtime error: Bar metaclass does not implement 'base()'.

test/language/constructor/object.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Tests that Object implements new(). The only way to call that is through a
+// super() call in a subclass, so this does that.
+
+class Foo {
+  this new() {
+    super() // Should not cause a no method error.
+    IO.print("ok")
+  }
+}
+
+Foo.new() // expect: ok
+
+// TODO: Test that can't invoke initializer on existing instance.