feat: add example scripts for argparse, bytes, dataset, html, markdown, uuid, wdantic, and web chat modules
Add comprehensive demo scripts showcasing the usage of multiple Wren modules including argument parsing, byte manipulation, in-memory dataset operations, HTML encoding/slugification, markdown-to-HTML conversion, UUID generation/validation, schema validation with wdantic, and a full web chat application with REST endpoints.
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<!-- retoor <retoor@molodetz.nl> -->
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<title>Syntax Overview - Wren-CLI Manual</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/style.css">
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</head>
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<body>
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<button class="mobile-menu-toggle">Menu</button>
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<div class="container">
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<aside class="sidebar">
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<div class="sidebar-header">
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<h1><a href="../index.html">Wren-CLI</a></h1>
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<div class="version">v0.4.0</div>
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</div>
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<nav class="sidebar-nav">
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<div class="section">
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<span class="section-title">Getting Started</span>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="../getting-started/index.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a href="../getting-started/installation.html">Installation</a></li>
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<li><a href="../getting-started/first-script.html">First Script</a></li>
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<li><a href="../getting-started/repl.html">Using the REPL</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<span class="section-title">Language</span>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="index.html" class="active">Syntax Overview</a></li>
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<li><a href="classes.html">Classes</a></li>
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<li><a href="methods.html">Methods</a></li>
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<li><a href="control-flow.html">Control Flow</a></li>
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<li><a href="fibers.html">Fibers</a></li>
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<li><a href="modules.html">Modules</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<span class="section-title">API Reference</span>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="../api/index.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/http.html">http</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/websocket.html">websocket</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/tls.html">tls</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/net.html">net</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/dns.html">dns</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/json.html">json</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/base64.html">base64</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/regex.html">regex</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/jinja.html">jinja</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/crypto.html">crypto</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/os.html">os</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/env.html">env</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/signal.html">signal</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/subprocess.html">subprocess</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/sqlite.html">sqlite</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/datetime.html">datetime</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/timer.html">timer</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/io.html">io</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/scheduler.html">scheduler</a></li>
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<li><a href="../api/math.html">math</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<span class="section-title">Tutorials</span>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="../tutorials/index.html">Tutorial List</a></li>
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<li><a href="../tutorials/http-client.html">HTTP Client</a></li>
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<li><a href="../tutorials/websocket-chat.html">WebSocket Chat</a></li>
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<li><a href="../tutorials/database-app.html">Database App</a></li>
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<li><a href="../tutorials/template-rendering.html">Templates</a></li>
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<li><a href="../tutorials/cli-tool.html">CLI Tool</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<span class="section-title">How-To Guides</span>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="../howto/index.html">How-To List</a></li>
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<li><a href="../howto/http-requests.html">HTTP Requests</a></li>
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<li><a href="../howto/json-parsing.html">JSON Parsing</a></li>
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<li><a href="../howto/regex-patterns.html">Regex Patterns</a></li>
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<li><a href="../howto/file-operations.html">File Operations</a></li>
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<li><a href="../howto/async-operations.html">Async Operations</a></li>
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<li><a href="../howto/error-handling.html">Error Handling</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</nav>
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</aside>
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<main class="content">
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<nav class="breadcrumb">
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<a href="../index.html">Home</a>
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<span class="separator">/</span>
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<span>Language Reference</span>
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</nav>
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<article>
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<h1>Syntax Overview</h1>
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<p>Wren is a small, fast, class-based scripting language with a clean syntax inspired by languages like Dart, Lua, and Smalltalk. This section covers the core language features.</p>
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<div class="toc">
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<h4>Language Topics</h4>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="classes.html">Classes</a> - Object-oriented programming</li>
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<li><a href="methods.html">Methods</a> - Method definition and operators</li>
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<li><a href="control-flow.html">Control Flow</a> - Conditionals and loops</li>
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<li><a href="fibers.html">Fibers</a> - Cooperative concurrency</li>
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<li><a href="modules.html">Modules</a> - Import system</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<h2>Comments</h2>
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<p>Single-line comments start with <code>//</code>:</p>
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<pre><code>// This is a comment
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var x = 42 // Inline comment</code></pre>
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<p>Block comments use <code>/* */</code> and can nest:</p>
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<pre><code>/* This is a
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multi-line comment */
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/* Outer /* nested */ comment */</code></pre>
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<h2>Variables</h2>
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<p>Declare variables with <code>var</code>:</p>
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<pre><code>var name = "Wren"
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var count = 42
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var active = true
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var nothing = null</code></pre>
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<p>Variables must be initialized when declared. They are lexically scoped:</p>
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<pre><code>var outer = "outside"
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{
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var inner = "inside"
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System.print(outer) // Works
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}
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// inner is not accessible here</code></pre>
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<h2>Data Types</h2>
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<h3>Numbers</h3>
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<p>All numbers are 64-bit floating point:</p>
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<pre><code>var integer = 42
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var decimal = 3.14159
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var negative = -100
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var scientific = 1.5e10
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var hex = 0xFF
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var binary = 0b1010</code></pre>
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<h3>Strings</h3>
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<p>Strings are immutable sequences of bytes:</p>
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<pre><code>var single = "Hello"
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var escape = "Line 1\nLine 2"
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var interpolation = "Value: %(1 + 2)"</code></pre>
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<p>Raw strings avoid escape processing:</p>
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<pre><code>var raw = """
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This is a raw string.
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Backslashes \ are literal.
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"""</code></pre>
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<h3>Booleans</h3>
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<pre><code>var yes = true
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var no = false</code></pre>
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<p>Only <code>false</code> and <code>null</code> are falsy. All other values, including <code>0</code> and empty strings, are truthy.</p>
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<h3>Null</h3>
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<pre><code>var nothing = null</code></pre>
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<h3>Ranges</h3>
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<p>Ranges represent sequences of numbers:</p>
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<pre><code>var inclusive = 1..5 // 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
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var exclusive = 1...5 // 1, 2, 3, 4</code></pre>
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<h3>Lists</h3>
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<p>Ordered, indexable collections:</p>
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<pre><code>var empty = []
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var numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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var mixed = [1, "two", true, null]
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System.print(numbers[0]) // 1
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System.print(numbers[-1]) // 5 (last element)
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numbers[0] = 10
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numbers.add(6)</code></pre>
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<h3>Maps</h3>
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<p>Key-value collections:</p>
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<pre><code>var empty = {}
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var person = {
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"name": "Alice",
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"age": 30
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}
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System.print(person["name"]) // Alice
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person["city"] = "Amsterdam"</code></pre>
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<h2>Operators</h2>
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<h3>Arithmetic</h3>
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<pre><code>1 + 2 // 3
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5 - 3 // 2
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4 * 3 // 12
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10 / 4 // 2.5
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10 % 3 // 1 (modulo)</code></pre>
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<h3>Comparison</h3>
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<pre><code>1 == 1 // true
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1 != 2 // true
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1 < 2 // true
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1 <= 1 // true
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2 > 1 // true
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2 >= 2 // true</code></pre>
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<h3>Logical</h3>
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<pre><code>true && false // false
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true || false // true
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!true // false</code></pre>
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<p>Logical operators short-circuit:</p>
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<pre><code>false && expensive() // expensive() not called
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true || expensive() // expensive() not called</code></pre>
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<h3>Bitwise</h3>
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<pre><code>5 & 3 // 1 (AND)
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5 | 3 // 7 (OR)
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5 ^ 3 // 6 (XOR)
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~5 // -6 (NOT)
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8 << 2 // 32 (left shift)
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8 >> 2 // 2 (right shift)</code></pre>
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<h3>Ternary</h3>
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<pre><code>var result = condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse</code></pre>
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<h2>String Interpolation</h2>
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<p>Embed expressions in strings with <code>%()</code>:</p>
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<pre><code>var name = "World"
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System.print("Hello, %(name)!")
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var a = 3
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var b = 4
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System.print("%(a) + %(b) = %(a + b)")</code></pre>
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<p>Any expression can be interpolated:</p>
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<pre><code>System.print("Random: %(Random.new().float())")
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System.print("List: %([1, 2, 3].map { |x| x * 2 })")</code></pre>
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<h2>Blocks</h2>
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<p>Blocks are anonymous functions. They use curly braces:</p>
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<pre><code>var block = { System.print("Hello") }
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block.call()
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var add = { |a, b| a + b }
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System.print(add.call(1, 2)) // 3</code></pre>
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<p>Blocks with a single expression return that value:</p>
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<pre><code>var square = { |x| x * x }
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System.print(square.call(5)) // 25</code></pre>
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<h2>Functions</h2>
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<p>Use <code>Fn.new</code> for functions stored in variables:</p>
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<pre><code>var greet = Fn.new { |name|
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return "Hello, %(name)!"
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}
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System.print(greet.call("World"))</code></pre>
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<p>Functions can have multiple statements:</p>
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<pre><code>var factorial = Fn.new { |n|
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if (n <= 1) return 1
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return n * factorial.call(n - 1)
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}</code></pre>
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<h2>Is Operator</h2>
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<p>Check if an object is an instance of a class:</p>
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<pre><code>"hello" is String // true
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42 is Num // true
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[1, 2] is List // true</code></pre>
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<h2>Reserved Words</h2>
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<p>The following are reserved and cannot be used as identifiers:</p>
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<pre><code>break class construct else false for foreign if import
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in is null return static super this true var while</code></pre>
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<h2>Identifiers</h2>
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<p>Identifiers follow these conventions:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>camelCase</code> for variables and methods</li>
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<li><code>PascalCase</code> for class names</li>
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<li><code>_underscore</code> prefix for private fields</li>
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<li><code>UPPER_CASE</code> for constants (by convention)</li>
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</ul>
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</article>
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<footer class="page-footer">
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<a href="../getting-started/repl.html" class="prev">Using the REPL</a>
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<a href="classes.html" class="next">Classes</a>
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</footer>
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</main>
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</div>
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<script src="../js/main.js"></script>
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</body>
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</html>
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