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< article >
< h1 > crypto</ h1 >
< p > The < code > crypto</ code > module provides cryptographic functions including secure random number generation and hash algorithms.</ p >
< pre >< code > import "crypto" for Crypto, Hash</ code ></ pre >
< div class = "toc" >
< h4 > On This Page</ h4 >
< ul >
< li >< a href = "#crypto-class" > Crypto Class</ a ></ li >
< li >< a href = "#hash-class" > Hash Class</ a ></ li >
< li >< a href = "#examples" > Examples</ a ></ li >
</ ul >
</ div >
< h2 id = "crypto-class" > Crypto Class</ h2 >
< div class = "class-header" >
< h3 > Crypto</ h3 >
< p > Cryptographic random number generation</ p >
</ div >
< h3 > Static Methods</ h3 >
< div class = "method-signature" >
< span class = "method-name" > Crypto.randomBytes</ span > (< span class = "param" > length</ span > ) → < span class = "type" > List</ span >
</ div >
< p > Generates cryptographically secure random bytes.</ p >
< ul class = "param-list" >
< li >< span class = "param-name" > length</ span > < span class = "param-type" > (Num)</ span > - Number of bytes to generate (must be non-negative)</ li >
< li >< span class = "returns" > Returns:</ span > List of random byte values (0-255)</ li >
</ ul >
< pre >< code > var bytes = Crypto.randomBytes(16)
System.print(bytes) // [142, 55, 201, 89, ...]</ code ></ pre >
< div class = "method-signature" >
< span class = "method-name" > Crypto.randomInt</ span > (< span class = "param" > min</ span > , < span class = "param" > max</ span > ) → < span class = "type" > Num</ span >
</ div >
< p > Generates a cryptographically secure random integer in the specified range.</ p >
< ul class = "param-list" >
< li >< span class = "param-name" > min</ span > < span class = "param-type" > (Num)</ span > - Minimum value (inclusive)</ li >
< li >< span class = "param-name" > max</ span > < span class = "param-type" > (Num)</ span > - Maximum value (exclusive)</ li >
< li >< span class = "returns" > Returns:</ span > Random integer in range [min, max)</ li >
</ ul >
< pre >< code > var roll = Crypto.randomInt(1, 7) // Dice roll: 1-6
System.print(roll)</ code ></ pre >
< h2 id = "hash-class" > Hash Class</ h2 >
< div class = "class-header" >
< h3 > Hash</ h3 >
< p > Cryptographic hash functions</ p >
</ div >
< h3 > Static Methods</ h3 >
< div class = "method-signature" >
< span class = "method-name" > Hash.md5</ span > (< span class = "param" > data</ span > ) → < span class = "type" > List</ span >
</ div >
< p > Computes the MD5 hash of the input data.</ p >
< ul class = "param-list" >
< li >< span class = "param-name" > data</ span > < span class = "param-type" > (String|List)</ span > - Data to hash (string or list of bytes)</ li >
< li >< span class = "returns" > Returns:</ span > 16-byte hash as a list of bytes</ li >
</ ul >
< pre >< code > var hash = Hash.md5("Hello, World!")
System.print(Hash.toHex(hash)) // 65a8e27d8879283831b664bd8b7f0ad4</ code ></ pre >
< div class = "method-signature" >
< span class = "method-name" > Hash.sha1</ span > (< span class = "param" > data</ span > ) → < span class = "type" > List</ span >
</ div >
< p > Computes the SHA-1 hash of the input data.</ p >
< ul class = "param-list" >
< li >< span class = "param-name" > data</ span > < span class = "param-type" > (String|List)</ span > - Data to hash</ li >
< li >< span class = "returns" > Returns:</ span > 20-byte hash as a list of bytes</ li >
</ ul >
< pre >< code > var hash = Hash.sha1("Hello, World!")
System.print(Hash.toHex(hash)) // 0a0a9f2a6772942557ab5355d76af442f8f65e01</ code ></ pre >
< div class = "method-signature" >
< span class = "method-name" > Hash.sha256</ span > (< span class = "param" > data</ span > ) → < span class = "type" > List</ span >
</ div >
< p > Computes the SHA-256 hash of the input data.</ p >
< ul class = "param-list" >
< li >< span class = "param-name" > data</ span > < span class = "param-type" > (String|List)</ span > - Data to hash</ li >
< li >< span class = "returns" > Returns:</ span > 32-byte hash as a list of bytes</ li >
</ ul >
< pre >< code > var hash = Hash.sha256("Hello, World!")
System.print(Hash.toHex(hash)) // dffd6021bb2bd5b0af676290809ec3a53191dd81c7f70a4b28688a362182986f</ code ></ pre >
< div class = "method-signature" >
< span class = "method-name" > Hash.toHex</ span > (< span class = "param" > bytes</ span > ) → < span class = "type" > String</ span >
</ div >
< p > Converts a list of bytes to a hexadecimal string.</ p >
< ul class = "param-list" >
< li >< span class = "param-name" > bytes</ span > < span class = "param-type" > (List)</ span > - List of byte values</ li >
< li >< span class = "returns" > Returns:</ span > Lowercase hexadecimal string</ li >
</ ul >
< pre >< code > var hex = Hash.toHex([0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF])
System.print(hex) // deadbeef</ code ></ pre >
< h2 > Hash Algorithm Comparison</ h2 >
< table >
< tr >
< th > Algorithm</ th >
< th > Output Size</ th >
< th > Security</ th >
< th > Use Case</ th >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > MD5</ td >
< td > 128 bits (16 bytes)</ td >
< td > Broken</ td >
< td > Checksums only (not for security)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > SHA-1</ td >
< td > 160 bits (20 bytes)</ td >
< td > Weak</ td >
< td > Legacy compatibility only</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > SHA-256</ td >
< td > 256 bits (32 bytes)</ td >
< td > Strong</ td >
< td > Recommended for new applications</ td >
</ tr >
</ table >
< h2 id = "examples" > Examples</ h2 >
< h3 > Generating a Random Token</ h3 >
< pre >< code > import "crypto" for Crypto, Hash
var bytes = Crypto.randomBytes(32)
var token = Hash.toHex(bytes)
System.print("Random token: %(token)")</ code ></ pre >
< h3 > Password Hashing</ h3 >
< pre >< code > import "crypto" for Crypto, Hash
var password = "mysecretpassword"
var salt = Crypto.randomBytes(16)
var saltHex = Hash.toHex(salt)
var saltedPassword = saltHex + password
var hash = Hash.sha256(saltedPassword)
var hashHex = Hash.toHex(hash)
System.print("Salt: %(saltHex)")
System.print("Hash: %(hashHex)")</ code ></ pre >
< h3 > File Checksum</ h3 >
< pre >< code > import "crypto" for Hash
import "io" for File
var content = File.read("document.txt")
var hash = Hash.sha256(content)
System.print("SHA-256: %(Hash.toHex(hash))")</ code ></ pre >
< h3 > Random Selection</ h3 >
< pre >< code > import "crypto" for Crypto
var items = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "elderberry"]
var index = Crypto.randomInt(0, items.count)
System.print("Selected: %(items[index])")</ code ></ pre >
< h3 > Generating Random IDs</ h3 >
< pre >< code > import "crypto" for Crypto, Hash
import "base64" for Base64
var bytes = Crypto.randomBytes(12)
var id = ""
for (b in bytes) {
id = id + String.fromCodePoint(b)
}
var encoded = Base64.encodeUrl(id)
System.print("Random ID: %(encoded)")</ code ></ pre >
< h3 > Secure Dice Roll</ h3 >
< pre >< code > import "crypto" for Crypto
var numDice = 5
var results = []
for (i in 0...numDice) {
results.add(Crypto.randomInt(1, 7))
}
System.print("Dice rolls: %(results)")</ code ></ pre >
< h3 > Comparing Hashes</ h3 >
< pre >< code > import "crypto" for Hash
var original = "Hello, World!"
var hash1 = Hash.sha256(original)
var hash2 = Hash.sha256(original)
var hash3 = Hash.sha256("Different text")
System.print("Same input, same hash: %(Hash.toHex(hash1) == Hash.toHex(hash2))")
System.print("Different input, different hash: %(Hash.toHex(hash1) != Hash.toHex(hash3))")</ code ></ pre >
< div class = "admonition warning" >
< div class = "admonition-title" > Warning</ div >
< p > MD5 and SHA-1 are cryptographically broken and should not be used for security-sensitive applications. Use SHA-256 for new applications requiring secure hashing.</ p >
</ div >
< div class = "admonition note" >
< div class = "admonition-title" > Note</ div >
< p > Hash functions accept both strings and lists of bytes. When a string is provided, it is automatically converted to its byte representation before hashing.</ p >
</ div >
< div class = "admonition tip" >
< div class = "admonition-title" > Tip</ div >
< p > For password storage, always use a salt (random bytes prepended to the password) before hashing. Store the salt alongside the hash for verification.</ p >
</ div >
</ article >
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