## termimg test — verifies protocol detection, geometry, scaling,
## halfblock, quarterblock, dithering, and aspect-ratio preservation.
##
## Run: nim c -r --path:src tests/test_termimg.nim

import std/[strutils, math]
import termimg

when isMainModule:
  echo "=== termimg Advanced Test Suite ==="

  # ── Capabilities ──────────────────────────────────────────────
  let caps = detectCapabilities()
  echo "Terminal: ", caps.columns, "x", caps.rows, " cells"
  echo "Cell: ", caps.cell.width, "x", caps.cell.height, " px"
  echo "Protocols:"
  for proto in [ptKitty, ptIterm2, ptSixel, ptQuarterBlock, ptHalfBlock]:
    echo "  ", proto, if caps.supports(proto): " ✓" else: " ✗"

  # ── Build a test pattern ─────────────────────────────────────
  # 32x16 RGBA: gradient bands + sharp edges to test scaling quality
  const
    pw = 32
    ph = 16
  var testPixels = newSeq[uint8](pw * ph * 4)
  for y in 0 ..< ph:
    for x in 0 ..< pw:
      let off = (y * pw + x) * 4
      let r = uint8(255 * x div (pw - 1))
      let g = uint8(0)
      let b = uint8(255 * (pw - 1 - x) div (pw - 1))
      let brightness = uint8(128 + 127 * y div (ph - 1))
      testPixels[off + 0] = uint8((int(r) * int(brightness)) div 255)
      testPixels[off + 1] = uint8((int(g) * int(brightness)) div 255)
      testPixels[off + 2] = uint8((int(b) * int(brightness)) div 255)
      testPixels[off + 3] = 255'u8

  # White cross for edge-testing
  let cx = pw div 2
  let cy = ph div 2
  for i in 0 ..< pw:
    let offH = (cy * pw + i) * 4
    testPixels[offH + 0] = 255; testPixels[offH + 1] = 255
    testPixels[offH + 2] = 255; testPixels[offH + 3] = 255
  for i in 0 ..< ph:
    let offV = (i * pw + cx) * 4
    testPixels[offV + 0] = 255; testPixels[offV + 1] = 255
    testPixels[offV + 2] = 255; testPixels[offV + 3] = 255

  # ── Test 1: Default halfblock ────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 1: Half-block (default, contain fit) ──"
  block:
    let opts = defaultOptions()
    let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
    echo "  geometry: ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight,
         " samples (", geo.pixelWidth, "x", geo.pixelHeight, " px)"
    let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
      opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
    stdout.write(outStr)
    stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    let lines = outStr.split("\n")
    echo "  output: ", lines.len, " lines, ",
         (if lines.len > 0: lines[0].len else: 0), " chars first line"

  # ── Test 2: Quarter-block thumbnail ──────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 2: Quarter-block thumbnail ──"
  block:
    var opts = thumbnailOptions()
    let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
    echo "  geometry: ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
    let outStr = renderQuarterBlock(
      ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
      opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight, dither = true)
    stdout.write(outStr)
    stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    let lines = outStr.split("\n")
    echo "  output: ", lines.len, " lines, ",
         (if lines.len > 0: lines[0].len else: 0), " chars first line"

  # ── Test 3: Full-density (bdFull) ────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 3: Full-density (bdFull, 10 cols) ──"
  block:
    var opts = defaultOptions()
    opts.density = bdFull
    opts.maxWidth = 10
    let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
    echo "  geometry: ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
    let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
      opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
    stdout.write(outStr)
    stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    let lines = outStr.split("\n")
    echo "  output: ", lines.len, " lines"

  # ── Test 4: Half-block with dithering ────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 4: Half-block with dithering ──"
  block:
    var opts = defaultOptions()
    opts.dither = true
    opts.maxWidth = 20
    let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
    echo "  geometry: ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
    let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
      opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight, dither = true)
    stdout.write(outStr)
    stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    let lines = outStr.split("\n")
    echo "  output: ", lines.len, " lines"

  # ── Test 5: Aspect ratio preservation ────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 5: Aspect ratio ──"
  block:
    let geo = computeGeometry(640, 200, caps, defaultOptions())
    let ratio = float(geo.pixelWidth) / float(geo.pixelHeight)
    echo "  640x200 → ", geo.pixelWidth, "x", geo.pixelHeight,
         " px (ratio ", ratio.formatFloat(ffDecimal, 2), ", expected ~3.2)"

    let geo2 = computeGeometry(200, 640, caps, defaultOptions())
    let ratio2 = float(geo2.pixelWidth) / float(geo2.pixelHeight)
    echo "  200x640 → ", geo2.pixelWidth, "x", geo2.pixelHeight,
         " px (ratio ", ratio2.formatFloat(ffDecimal, 2), ", expected ~0.31)"

    let geo3 = computeGeometry(500, 500, caps, defaultOptions())
    let ratio3 = float(geo3.pixelWidth) / float(geo3.pixelHeight)
    echo "  500x500 → ", geo3.pixelWidth, "x", geo3.pixelHeight,
         " px (ratio ", ratio3.formatFloat(ffDecimal, 2), ", expected ~1.0)"

  # ── Test 6: Fit modes ────────────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 6: Fit modes ──"
  block:
    for fit in [fmContain, fmStretch, fmWidth, fmOriginal, fmCellExact]:
      var opts = defaultOptions()
      opts.fit = fit
      opts.maxWidth = 30
      let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
      echo "  ", fit, ": ", geo.pixelWidth, "x", geo.pixelHeight,
           " px, ", geo.columns, " cols, ", geo.sampleHeight, " samples"

  # ── Test 7: Width-constrained render ─────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 7: Width-constrained ──"
  block:
    var opts = defaultOptions()
    opts.maxWidth = 8
    opts.fit = fmWidth
    let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, caps, opts)
    echo "  32x16 forced to 8 cols → ", geo.columns, " cols x ",
         geo.sampleHeight, " samples"
    let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels),
      opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
    stdout.write(outStr)
    stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    let lines = outStr.split("\n")
    echo "  output: ", lines.len, " lines"

  # ── Test 8: Bilinear scaling ────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 8: Bilinear scaling ──"
  block:
    let img = ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels)
    let scaled = bilinearResizeRgba(img, 64, 32)
    let expected = 64 * 32 * 4
    echo "  ", pw, "x", ph, " → 64x32: ", scaled.len, " bytes (expected ", expected, ")"
    doAssert scaled.len == expected

  # ── Test 9: Scaling down ─────────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 9: Scaling down ──"
  block:
    let img = ImageData(width: pw, height: ph, data: testPixels)
    let scaled = bilinearResizeRgba(img, 8, 4)
    let expected = 8 * 4 * 4
    echo "  ", pw, "x", ph, " → 8x4: ", scaled.len, " bytes (expected ", expected, ")"
    doAssert scaled.len == expected

  # ── Test 10: Rgba renderer pipeline ──────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 10: Full renderImageRgba pipeline ──"
  block:
    let opts = defaultOptions()
    let outStr = renderImageRgba(testPixels, pw, ph, caps, opts)
    stdout.write(outStr)
    stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    let lines = outStr.split("\n")
    echo "  output: ", lines.len, " lines"

  # ── Test 11: thumbnailOptions preset ──────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 11: thumbnailOptions pipeline ──"
  block:
    let opts = thumbnailOptions()
    let outStr = renderImageRgba(testPixels, pw, ph, caps, opts)
    stdout.write(outStr)
    stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    let lines = outStr.split("\n")
    echo "  output: ", lines.len, " lines"

  # ── Test 12: Zero dimensions ──────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 12: Zero dimensions (should not crash) ──"
  block:
    let out1 = renderImageRgba(testPixels, 0, ph, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out1.len == 0, "zero width should return empty"
    let out2 = renderImageRgba(testPixels, pw, 0, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out2.len == 0, "zero height should return empty"
    let out3 = renderImageRgba(newSeq[uint8](0), 0, 0, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out3.len == 0, "zero dims empty data should return empty"
    echo "  all zero-dim cases returned empty string (pass)"

  # ── Test 13: Short RGBA buffer ────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 13: Short RGBA buffer (should not crash) ──"
  block:
    let shortData = newSeq[uint8](4)  # only one pixel claimed as 10x10
    let outStr = renderImageRgba(shortData, 10, 10, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert outStr.len == 0, "short buffer should return empty (invalid input)"
    echo "  short buffer returned empty (safe): ", outStr.len, " chars (pass)"

  # ── Test 14: Negative dimensions ──────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 14: Negative dimensions (should not crash) ──"
  block:
    let out1 = renderImageRgba(testPixels, -1, ph, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out1.len == 0
    let out2 = renderImageRgba(testPixels, pw, -5, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out2.len == 0
    echo "  all negative-dim cases returned empty string (pass)"

  # ── Test 15: Non-terminal environment ─────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 15: Non-terminal environment (no crash) ──"
  block:
    let fakeCaps = TerminalCapabilities(
      columns: 0, rows: 0,
      cell: CellSize(width: 10, height: 20),
      protocols: {ptHalfBlock},
    )
    let geo = computeGeometry(pw, ph, fakeCaps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert geo.columns >= 1, "geometry must have at least 1 column"
    doAssert geo.sampleHeight >= 1, "geometry must have at least 1 sample row"
    echo "  fake caps (0x0): ", geo.columns, " cols x ", geo.sampleHeight,
         " samples (pass)"

  # ── Test 16: Empty raw bytes ──────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 16: Empty raw bytes (should not crash) ──"
  block:
    let outStr = renderImageRaw(newSeq[uint8](0), 100, 100, caps, defaultOptions())
    echo "  renderImageRaw returned ", outStr.len, " chars (no crash, pass)"

  # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
  #  ADVANCED VISUAL TESTS — Gallery, columns, comparison grids
  # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

  # ── Pattern generators ────────────────────────────────────────
  proc checkerboard(w, h, csize: int): seq[uint8] =
    result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
    for y in 0 ..< h:
      for x in 0 ..< w:
        let off = (y * w + x) * 4
        let bright = if ((x div csize) + (y div csize)) mod 2 == 0: 220 else: 40
        result[off + 0] = uint8(bright)
        result[off + 1] = uint8(bright)
        result[off + 2] = uint8(bright)
        result[off + 3] = 255

  proc rainbowBars(w, h: int): seq[uint8] =
    result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
    for y in 0 ..< h:
      for x in 0 ..< w:
        let off = (y * w + x) * 4
        let band = float(x) / float(w) * 6.0
        let iband = int(band)
        let frac = band - float(iband)
        var r, g, b: float
        case iband
        of 0: (r, g, b) = (1.0, frac, 0.0)
        of 1: (r, g, b) = (1.0 - frac, 1.0, 0.0)
        of 2: (r, g, b) = (0.0, 1.0, frac)
        of 3: (r, g, b) = (0.0, 1.0 - frac, 1.0)
        of 4: (r, g, b) = (frac, 0.0, 1.0)
        else: (r, g, b) = (1.0, 0.0, 1.0 - frac)
        let ymul = 0.6 + 0.4 * float(y) / float(h)
        result[off + 0] = uint8(clamp(int(r * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
        result[off + 1] = uint8(clamp(int(g * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
        result[off + 2] = uint8(clamp(int(b * 255.0 * ymul), 0, 255))
        result[off + 3] = 255

  proc targetCircle(w, h: int): seq[uint8] =
    result = newSeq[uint8](w * h * 4)
    let cx = float(w) / 2.0
    let cy = float(h) / 2.0
    let maxR = min(cx, cy)
    for y in 0 ..< h:
      for x in 0 ..< w:
        let off = (y * w + x) * 4
        let dx = float(x) - cx
        let dy = float(y) - cy
        let r = sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
        let ring = int(r / (maxR / 5.0)) mod 2
        if ring == 0:
          result[off + 0] = 200; result[off + 1] = 50; result[off + 2] = 50
        else:
          result[off + 0] = 255; result[off + 1] = 255; result[off + 2] = 255
        result[off + 3] = 255

  echo "\n═══════════════════════════════════════════════"
  echo "     ADVANCED VISUAL TESTS"
  echo "═══════════════════════════════════════════════"

  let patternW = 64
  let patternH = 48
  let chk = checkerboard(patternW, patternH, 8)
  let rnb = rainbowBars(patternW, patternH)
  let tgt = targetCircle(patternW, patternH)

  # ── Test 17: Gallery — three patterns side-by-side ────────────
  echo "\n── Test 17: Gallery (three patterns, same width) ──"
  block:
    let colW = (caps.columns - 4) div 3
    var opts = defaultOptions()
    opts.maxWidth = colW
    opts.fit = fmWidth
    let geo = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
    # Side-by-side: render left, mid, right and concatenate each row
    let outChk = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: chk),
      opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
    let outRnb = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: rnb),
      opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
    let outTgt = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: tgt),
      opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
    let linesChk = outChk.split('\n')
    let linesRnb = outRnb.split('\n')
    let linesTgt = outTgt.split('\n')
    for i in 0 ..< min(min(linesChk.len, linesRnb.len), linesTgt.len):
      stdout.write(linesChk[i])
      stdout.write("  ")
      stdout.write(linesRnb[i])
      stdout.write("  ")
      stdout.write(linesTgt[i])
      stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    echo "  gallery: ", geo.columns, " cols each × ",
         linesChk.len, " rows (3 across) (pass)"

  # ── Test 18: Column layout — same pattern at 3 densities ──────
  echo "\n── Test 18: Column layout (3 densities stacked) ──"
  block:
    let colW = caps.columns - 2
    for density in [bdFull, bdHalf, bdQuarter]:
      var opts = defaultOptions()
      opts.density = density
      opts.maxWidth = colW
      opts.fit = fmWidth
      let geo = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
      let outStr = renderHalfBlock(
        ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: rnb),
        opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight)
      stdout.write(outStr)
      stdout.write("\n")
      stdout.flushFile()
      echo "  density=$1: $2 cols × $3 samples (pass)" % [
        $density, $geo.columns, $geo.sampleHeight]
    echo "  column layout: 3 densities stacked (pass)"

  # ── Test 19: Fit-mode comparison grid ─────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 19: Fit-mode comparison grid ──"
  block:
    let halfW = caps.columns div 2 - 1
    for fit in [fmContain, fmWidth, fmOriginal, fmStretch]:
      var opts = defaultOptions()
      opts.fit = fit
      opts.maxWidth = halfW
      opts.density = bdQuarter
      let geo = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
      let outStr = renderQuarterBlock(
        ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: tgt),
        opts.backgroundRgb, geo.columns, geo.sampleHeight,
        dither = true)
      stdout.write(outStr)
      stdout.write("\n")
      stdout.flushFile()
      echo "  $1: $2 px ($3 cols × $4 samples) (pass)" % [
        $fit, $geo.pixelWidth & "x" & $geo.pixelHeight,
        $geo.columns, $geo.sampleHeight]
    echo "  fit-mode grid: 4 fits stacked (pass)"

  # ── Test 20: Checkerboard at ultra-wide vs tall ───────────────
  echo "\n── Test 20: Extreme aspect ratios (wide vs tall) ──"
  block:
    var optsW = defaultOptions()
    optsW.maxWidth = caps.columns - 2
    optsW.fit = fmWidth
    let geoW = computeGeometry(patternW, patternH, caps, optsW)
    let outW = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: patternW, height: patternH, data: chk),
      optsW.backgroundRgb, geoW.columns, geoW.sampleHeight)
    stdout.write(outW)
    stdout.write("\n\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    # Tall: swap dimensions (64x48 becomes 48x64 via the pattern? no — use a tall pattern)
    let tallPixels = checkerboard(patternH, patternW, 6)  # 48x64
    var optsT = defaultOptions()
    optsT.maxHeight = caps.rows - 4
    optsT.fit = fmContain
    let geoT = computeGeometry(patternH, patternW, caps, optsT)
    let outT = renderHalfBlock(
      ImageData(width: patternH, height: patternW, data: tallPixels),
      optsT.backgroundRgb, geoT.columns, geoT.sampleHeight)
    stdout.write(outT)
    stdout.write("\n")
    stdout.flushFile()
    echo "  wide: ", geoW.columns, " cols × ", geoW.sampleHeight, " samples"
    echo "  tall: ", geoT.columns, " cols × ", geoT.sampleHeight, " samples (pass)"

  # ── Test 21: Pipeline with all three patterns ─────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 21: Pipeline gallery (renderImageRgba) ──"
  block:
    for (name, pix) in [("checkerboard", chk), ("rainbow", rnb), ("target", tgt)]:
      let outStr = renderImageRgba(pix, patternW, patternH, caps, thumbnailOptions())
      stdout.write(outStr)
      stdout.write("\n")
      stdout.flushFile()
      echo "  $1: $2 lines rendered (pass)" % [name, $(outStr.split('\n').len)]

  # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
  #  WORST-CASE / CORRUPTION TESTS
  # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
  echo "\n═══════════════════════════════════════════════"
  echo "     WORST-CASE / CORRUPTION TESTS"
  echo "═══════════════════════════════════════════════"

  # ── Test 22: Off-by-one data ──────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 22: Off-by-one data (should not crash) ──"
  block:
    # Exactly 1 byte short (data.len == w*h*4 - 1)
    let shortBy1 = newSeq[uint8](pw * ph * 4 - 1)
    let out1 = renderImageRgba(shortBy1, pw, ph, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out1.len == 0,
      "1-byte-short buffer should return empty, got " & $out1.len & " chars"

    # Exactly 1 byte extra (data.len == w*h*4 + 1)
    let extra1 = newSeq[uint8](pw * ph * 4 + 1)
    let out2 = renderImageRgba(extra1, pw, ph, caps, defaultOptions())
    # Extra byte is harmless — we only read w*h*4 from front
    doAssert out2.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
      "1-byte-extra buffer should render normally (output len=" & $out2.len & ")"

    echo "  1 byte short → empty (safe), 1 byte extra → renders (pass)"

  # ── Test 23: Tiny images ──────────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 23: Tiny images (1x1, 10x1, 1x10) ──"
  block:
    # 1x1
    let px1 = @[128'u8, 64, 192, 255]
    let out1 = renderImageRgba(px1, 1, 1, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out1.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
      "1x1 pixel should produce output, got " & $out1.len & " chars"

    # 10x1 horizontal strip
    var strip = newSeq[uint8](10 * 1 * 4)
    for x in 0 ..< 10:
      strip[(x) * 4 + 0] = uint8(x * 25)
      strip[(x) * 4 + 1] = uint8(255 - x * 25)
      strip[(x) * 4 + 2] = 128
      strip[(x) * 4 + 3] = 255
    let out2 = renderImageRgba(strip, 10, 1, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out2.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
      "10x1 strip should produce output, got " & $out2.len & " chars"

    # 1x10 vertical strip
    var vstrip = newSeq[uint8](1 * 10 * 4)
    for y in 0 ..< 10:
      let off = y * 4
      vstrip[off + 0] = 64
      vstrip[off + 1] = uint8(y * 25)
      vstrip[off + 2] = 192
      vstrip[off + 3] = 255
    let out3 = renderImageRgba(vstrip, 1, 10, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out3.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
      "1x10 strip should produce output, got " & $out3.len & " chars"

    echo "  1x1, 10x1, 1x10 all rendered (pass)"

  # ── Test 24: Fully transparent image ──────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 24: Fully transparent image (alpha=0 everywhere) ──"
  block:
    var transparent = newSeq[uint8](16 * 16 * 4)
    for y in 0 ..< 16:
      for x in 0 ..< 16:
        let off = (y * 16 + x) * 4
        transparent[off + 0] = 255
        transparent[off + 1] = 0
        transparent[off + 2] = 0
        transparent[off + 3] = 0  # fully transparent
    let outStr = renderImageRgba(transparent, 16, 16, caps, defaultOptions())
    # Transparency composited over white background should produce white-ish output
    doAssert outStr.len > 0 or caps.protocols == {ptHalfBlock},
      "transparent image should not crash, got " & $outStr.len & " chars"
    echo "  transparent 16x16 rendered (pass)"

  # ── Test 25: Monochrome image ─────────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 25: Monochrome image (all same color) ──"
  block:
    var mono = newSeq[uint8](32 * 24 * 4)
    for i in countup(0, mono.len - 1, 4):
      mono[i + 0] = 100; mono[i + 1] = 150; mono[i + 2] = 200; mono[i + 3] = 255
    let outStr = renderImageRgba(mono, 32, 24, caps, defaultOptions())
    let lines = outStr.split('\n')
    doAssert lines.len >= 1, "monochrome should produce lines, got " & $lines.len
    echo "  monochrome 32x24: ", lines.len, " lines (pass)"

  # ── Test 26: Extreme opts values ──────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 26: Extreme opts (maxWidth=0, maxWidth=-1, maxHeight=0) ──"
  block:
    var opts0 = defaultOptions()
    opts0.maxWidth = 0
    let out1 = renderImageRgba(chk, patternW, patternH, caps, opts0)
    doAssert out1.len >= 0, "maxWidth=0 should not crash"

    var optsNeg = defaultOptions()
    optsNeg.maxWidth = -1
    let out2 = renderImageRgba(chk, patternW, patternH, caps, optsNeg)
    doAssert out2.len >= 0, "maxWidth=-1 should not crash"

    var optsH0 = defaultOptions()
    optsH0.maxHeight = 0
    let out3 = renderImageRgba(chk, patternW, patternH, caps, optsH0)
    doAssert out3.len >= 0, "maxHeight=0 should not crash"

    echo "  all extreme opts returned safely (pass)"

  # ── Test 27: Empty protocol set ───────────────────────────────
  echo "\n── Test 27: Empty protocol set (selectProtocol) ──"
  block:
    let emptyCaps = TerminalCapabilities(
      columns: 80, rows: 24,
      cell: CellSize(width: 10, height: 20),
      protocols: {},  # no protocols at all
    )
    let selected = selectProtocol(emptyCaps, ptHalfBlock)
    doAssert selected == ptHalfBlock,
      "selectProtocol should fall back to ptHalfBlock, got " & $selected
    let selected2 = selectProtocol(emptyCaps, ptAuto)
    doAssert selected2 == ptHalfBlock,
      "selectProtocol(ptAuto) with empty set should fall back to ptHalfBlock, got " & $selected2
    echo "  empty protocols fall back to half-block (pass)"

  # ── Test 28: 1-pixel-high / 1-pixel-wide aspect extremes ─────
  echo "\n── Test 28: Extreme aspect (200x1 and 1x200) ──"
  block:
    var thinW = newSeq[uint8](200 * 1 * 4)
    for x in 0 ..< 200:
      thinW[x * 4 + 0] = uint8(x)
      thinW[x * 4 + 1] = uint8(255 - x)
      thinW[x * 4 + 2] = 128
      thinW[x * 4 + 3] = 255
    let out1 = renderImageRgba(thinW, 200, 1, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out1.len >= 0, "200x1 image should not crash"

    var thinH = newSeq[uint8](1 * 200 * 4)
    for y in 0 ..< 200:
      thinH[y * 4 + 0] = 64
      thinH[y * 4 + 1] = uint8(y)
      thinH[y * 4 + 2] = 192
      thinH[y * 4 + 3] = 255
    let out2 = renderImageRgba(thinH, 1, 200, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out2.len >= 0, "1x200 image should not crash"

    echo "  200x1 and 1x200 rendered without crash (pass)"

  # ── Test 29: Zero background and high-dither stress ───────────
  echo "\n── Test 29: Zero background + dither on black ──"
  block:
    var opts = defaultOptions()
    opts.backgroundRgb = (0'u8, 0'u8, 0'u8)  # pure black bg
    opts.dither = true
    opts.density = bdQuarter
    opts.fit = fmContain
    let outStr = renderImageRgba(tgt, patternW, patternH, caps, opts)
    doAssert outStr.len >= 0, "zero bg + dither should not crash"
    echo "  zero background + dither on target circles (pass)"

  # ── Test 30: Random-stress renders (20 iterations) ────────────
  echo "\n── Test 30: Random-stress (20 renders at random sizes / fit modes) ──"
  block:
    let sizes = [(1,1), (2,2), (3,5), (7,3), (10,10), (16,16),
                 (32,48), (64,64), (100,50), (50,100)]
    let fits = [fmContain, fmStretch, fmWidth, fmOriginal, fmCellExact]
    let densities = [bdFull, bdHalf, bdQuarter]
    var rng = 42  # deterministic pseudo-random
    proc nextRand(maxVal: int): int =
      rng = (rng * 1103515245 + 12345) and 0x7fffffff
      result = rng mod maxVal
    for iter in 0 ..< 20:
      let (sw, sh) = sizes[nextRand(sizes.len)]
      var pixels = newSeq[uint8](sw * sh * 4)
      for i in countup(0, pixels.len - 1, 4):
        pixels[i + 0] = uint8(nextRand(256))
        pixels[i + 1] = uint8(nextRand(256))
        pixels[i + 2] = uint8(nextRand(256))
        pixels[i + 3] = 255
      var opts = defaultOptions()
      opts.fit = fits[nextRand(fits.len)]
      opts.density = densities[nextRand(densities.len)]
      opts.maxWidth = 10 + nextRand(40)
      opts.dither = nextRand(2) == 0
      let outStr = renderImageRgba(pixels, sw, sh, caps, opts)
      if outStr.len > 0:
        discard
    echo "  20 random renders completed without crash (pass)"

  # ── Test 31: Tiny data + huge claimed dimensions ──────────────
  echo "\n── Test 31: Tiny buffer claimed as huge image ──"
  block:
    let tiny = @[255'u8, 0, 0, 255]  # 1 pixel, claim as 1000x1000
    let out1 = renderImageRgba(tiny, 1000, 1000, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out1.len == 0,
      "tiny buffer claimed as huge should return empty, got " & $out1.len & " chars"
    let out2 = renderImageRgba(tiny, 999999, 999999, caps, defaultOptions())
    doAssert out2.len == 0,
      "tiny buffer claimed as absurdly huge should return empty, got " & $out2.len & " chars"
    echo "  tiny data + huge/silly dimensions → empty (pass)"

  echo "\n=== All 31 tests passed ==="